[Smudges]http://sites.google.com/site/psalmofdreams/Home/introduction-to-babel-grammar/-smudgesEpistle LXXXVI: [smudges]
[This epistle keeps changing form, sometimes it is paper and othertimes living water, and sometimes skin, and sometimes it becomes some strange and unclassifiable fruit covered in furr and writing.]
This is a very difficult epistle for me to write, my love, and I mean it quite literally. Some fey Uncle of mine keeps coming by and … changing reality all around me. I’m afraid I don’t quite understand the Otherworld. I think I can guess why it is that the Immortals themselves need a place to dream, but this place is rather untamed and
Are you writing about me?
No, My Heart Raven.
Pity. I’ll be back.
Yes, he’ll be back. He’ll probably be bringing some new monster or paradox or number or color with him. Either that or another one of his nymph sweethearts. Uncle Raven has many sweethearts, my Puey, far more than one could possibly imagine. Anyway, I think I can guess that the Immortals themselves need dreams within their dreams, and it makes sense that this used to be the place where the Nightmares came to be.
Of course, as soon as you and I become the Sun Emperor and Moon Empress we’ll just put Karuláta in charge of all the Otherworld, or at least as much of it as any mortal child can control. At least I understand Kàrula. And she sleeps at night and takes frequent naps, so we can always catch up with her, but our Heart Raven
I’m back.
Yes.
You were writing about me.
I was just writing that you don’t sleep. Look, you can read right o'er my shoulder. Why do adult units so frequently read o'er my shoulder? Puey, do you witness this phenomenon also? I’m sure that Great-Uncle Táto has been leaning his golden beak upon your shoulder and reading what you write also.
Write more about me.
That’s about it. I was planning on writing about grammar.
But you could write about me.
I’d rather write to Puey about language.
That’s just so dull. Perhaps you could tell Puey about what a great Uncle by marriage I shall be unto him. Ask him whether he’s planning on naming his sixty children after me?
Why do I have to write anything? Your words bleed right into the papyrus.
Fine, I’ll say it again. Puîyos my Lad! Lucky lad! Young lad. Gossoon. What was I saying?
You were
Stop being so annoying and innocent and sweet and stupid at the same time! I’m Raven and I’m taking control of this grammatical schmrattical enterprise. Raven, I’m ordering you … wait, I’m Raven. Unto whom are we writing?
I think you were doing the majority of the writing.
I say you should have about thirty children and name them all Raven. What a splendid name that shall be!
I don’t think I shall have any children hight Raven.
Oh you’re just like your Mother! I kept telling her that you should be hight after me.
Puey will be doing the naming.
Good, then all we have to do is convince him to name the children after me.
Our Heart Raven …
Call me Uncle.
Uncle Raven.
Don’t call me Uncle. I’m a divine Ásaru! I deserve respect!
Yes, honored Raven.
Too formal. Call me Uncle.
Is there anyway I can just write to Puey my one true love?
Puey? Do I know a Puey? Puîye is a maiden’s name, right? Is she cute?
Puey is my intended husband, the future Emperor.
Oh. The one with the lass’ name. How odd. Ah! Puîyos! Your Mother’s project, of course.
Please do not talk about my beloved as if he were a scheme or a plot.
But he is. Your Mother’s plot. She’s more devious than I am. At least my trickiness is out on the open. Oh, and if you see any of my wives, tell them that I’m … helping widows and orphans and … I don’t know … just make up a plausible story.
Do you help widows and orphans?
Noooooooo. Not if I can help it.
Hardly a plausible story.
Are the widows cute?
I’m taking the letter back. I’m writing to Puey. What you do, I don’t care.
If you don’t want me around … then I’ll go.
Hmmm. I can’t believe I just wrote ‘hmmm.’ How odd. Puey, my beloved …
Shall I summon Fhermáta for you, my little neiceling?
No, I’m sure she’s doing something responsible and appropriate for an older sister.
She’s taking a nap I think. Fhermáta, she’s Puîyos’ Sister, right?
Yes.
She’s probably looking for an husband. There are so many beautiful ravens in the Shade.
I rather doubt it. Raven, I’m going to write about grammatical aspect. But first I’m going to respond to what Puey wrote about the Injunctive Mood. I’m
Aspect? Does that involve nymphs?
No.
Sylphs? Sylphs are pretty.
It doesn’t involve female elemental spirits.
Oh.
Aspect involves
Nymphs?
That’s it, I’m leaving. I’m writing to Puey.
Do you think Puey could introduce me to some nymphs?
I’m calling your wives.
What! What type of pious neice are you!
Where is honored Fhifhìfhru?
Ur … I told her I was meditating.
Puey, I was delighted to read
Are you going to tell me about aspect?
It describes how an action or state came about. Babel has five different aspects which may be applied to words in certain cases, and they can describe, for instance, whether something happens once or many times, whether it continues to come to pass, whether it always happens, whether it is fated to betide.
Am I fated to find more nymphs?
Bye, Uncle. I’m climbing this tree and writing up here.
But … we have to spend time together. You have an entire side of the family that you need to love. Have I shown you my collection of paradoxes?
Perchance later.
Prime numbers! I created prime numbers! Come back! I have so many prime numbers to share with you!
Ciao.
I’m in a tree now. It’s a rather gnarled and metallic tree, and little nightmares are crawling up and down the side of it with their long and spindly legs. And I think these branches are actually separate spirit creatures that dwell in the ecology of mnemes and causalities.
My beloved, I was quite happy to read what analysis of the Injunctive Mood, with Great-Uncle Táto’s help of course. Just to be complete I shall draw mine own little chart of the forms of the Injunctive Mood.
Summary of the Injunctive Mood
Level Four Suffixes:
+ Khrúju qìr xhmé injunctivë mood
+ Xhmuju injunctivë mood
+ Suju negativë injunctivë mood, intends not, shalt not
Level Fivë Suffixes:
·ampei injunctivë mood (presumptive mode)
·ampeit I/wee – injunctivë mood (presumptive mode)
·ampeis you – injunctivë mood (presumptive mode)
·ampein Hee/shee/hit/they – injunctivë mood (presumptive mode)
Locative Phrase:
+ Qìr xhmé injunctivë mood (especially used with subjectless clauses and the mediopassive voice)
And the xhlélejo injunctive mood I think you summarized very well, for it means thinking of doing and intending to do and about to do and for to express ought to and should to and intention. The mood as been rather informalized, as Great-Uncle Táto was right to tell you, for strong commands and meditation and prayer.
Khníjuràmpeint Puîyus.
Puîyus shall sing.
‘Tis prayed Þæt Puîyus shall sing
Puîyus intends topsing.
Puîyus should, ought to sing.
I think it is interesting that some ancient grammarians actually thought that the injunctive was an aspect and not a mood. It is understandable why they had that confusion, since the injunctive suffixes are found in two different positions, both as the level four suffixes +khrúju qìr xhmé and +xhmuju as well as the level five suffix -ampei. But the injunctive must logically be a mood since we find it used in the Secondary Modes but also because it is used with different aspects.
For instance we can have the injunctive mood used without an aspect at all as in:
Ptiîkha khrúju qír xhmè theupíyayùpwar Puîyeyan!
Ptiîkha xhmuju theupíyayùpwar Puîyeyan!
Ptiikhayàmpein theupíyayùpwar Puîyeyan!
Puey shall kiss the maiden indeed on her forehead and on purpose!
Ptiîkha suju theupíyayùpwar Puîyeyan!
Puey shall not kiss the maiden indeed on her forehead and on purpose!
Ptiîkha khrúju qír xhmè yojhwa theupíyayùpwar Puîyeyan!
Ptiîkha xhmuju yojhwa theupíyayùpwar Puîyeyan!
Puey shall keep on kissing the maiden indeed on her forehead and on purpose!
Ptiîkha suju yojhwa theupíyayùpwar Puîyeyan!
Puey shall not keep on kissing the maiden indeed on her forehead and on purpose!
Ptiîkha khrúju qír xhmè yupwar theupíyayùpwar Puîyeyan!
Ptiîkha xhmuju yupwar theupíyayùpwar Puîyeyan!
Puey shall finish kissing the maiden indeed on her forehead and on purpose!
Ptiîkha suju yupwar theupíyayùpwar Puîyeyan!
Puey shall not finish kissing the maiden indeed on her forehead and on purpose!
Ptiîkha khrúju qír xhmè yoaqe theupíyayùpwar Puîyeyan!
Ptiîkha xhmuju yoaqe theupíyayùpwar Puîyeyan!
Puey shall be kissing the maiden indeed on her forehead and on purpose!
Ptiîkha suju yoaqe theupíyayùpwar Puîyeyan!
Puey shall not be kissing the maiden indeed on her forehead and on purpose!
Ptiîkha khrúju qír xhmè yoakhwe theupíyayùpwar Puîyeyan!
Ptiîkha xhmuju yoakhwe theupíyayùpwar Puîyeyan!
Puey shall always be kissing the maiden indeed on her forehead and on purpose!
Ptiîkha suju yoakhwe theupíyayùpwar Puîyeyan!
Puey shall not always be kissing the maiden indeed on her forehead and on purpose!
Ptiîkha khrúju qír xhmè yaipoi theupíyayùpwar Puîyeyan!
Ptiîkha xhmuju yaipoi theupíyayùpwar Puîyeyan!
Puey shall be fated tokiss the maiden indeed on her forehead and on purpose!
Ptiîkha suju yaipoi theupíyayùpwar Puîyeyan!
Puey shall not be fated to kiss the maiden indeed on her forehead and on purpose!
If one wishes to apply aspect one must remember that one cannot add more than one level five swètwan suffix unto the same participle. Aspect suffixes may only be used in the presumptive mode and upon the experiencer case, the construct case, and the ingeminate case. There are only five different aspects in Babel. These suffixes are quite interesting because each one has a generic form, plus a first person form ending in –t, plus a second person form ending in –s, and a third person form ending in –n.
And these are the five different aspect suffixes that we have in Babel.
Level Fivë Suffix: Aspect
(presumptivë mode: experiencer, construct, ingeminate case)
·ojhwa imperfect aspect, ek plural absolutivë case
·ojhwat I/wee – imperfect aspect
·ojhwas you – imperfect aspect
·ojhwan Hee/shee/hit/they – imperfect aspect
·upwar perfect aspect, ek singular absolutivë case
·upwart I/wee – perfect aspect
·upwars you – perfect aspect
·upwarn Hee/shee/hit/they – perfect aspect
·oaqe progreßivë aspect
·oaqet I/wee – progreßivë aspect
·oaqes you – progreßivë aspect
·oaqen Hee/shee/hit/they – progreßivë aspect
·oakhwe eternal aspect
·oakhwet I/wee – eternal aspect
·oakhwes you – eternal aspect
·oakhwen Hee/shee/hit/they – eternal aspect
·aipoi vatick aspect
·aipoit I/wee – vatick aspect
·aipois you – vatick aspect
·aipoin Hee/shee/hit/they – vatick aspect
Yes, we just have five aspects, and they level five suffixes. One can count them off upon one’s fingers, so let’s get busy and start memorizing them. The best part, though, will be using these abstract sounds and turning them into the words which we use everyday.
Before we dive into the wonders of the five aspects, and let me assure you that these aspects will change your life, you’ll be thinking about how something exists or changes or comes to be all the time, I shall mention that these aspects do not refer to time at all, they are not points in the past or the present or in time to come. In order to express a period of time one has to use a locative phrase, or a participle modifying another in an unmarked relative clause or in the ingeminate case. For instance we have the participles lrún and khlún and fhúna all of which mean those who are in the past, are nostalgic for someone or something and khmaô and qí and sámo, sámoyot and fhiîn which all mean those who are present, recent, contemporary and fhwún and lyár those who are in the future, are hopeful for someone or something. Such terms are quite often found in the locative case with affixes such as +qir, -atser, -aloi, -exhyeu and +se. We also have certain set adverbial phrases such as qìr pé now, in the present and qìr té then, next, eft and qìr xhré in the past, then and qìr xhré xhré in the far past, præterpluperfect.
But the five aspects are fun in a slightly different way. Shall we start discussing them the aspects one by one?
Imperfect Aspect
The òjhwaju imperfect aspect is used for to shew that something is ongoing, continuous, unfinished or more than once. The ending is charactered with the suffix -ojhwa.
Senípási xhamarnafhinùtya khmeníwayòjhwa.
The sky pirate is hyper on some pink lemonade.
The sky pirate continues to be hyper on some pink lemonade.
The sky pirate is not finished being hyper on some pink lemonade
The sky pirate is hyper on some pink lemonade more than once.
Xhesteuyimòjhwan tsenasélàrejikh Puîye.
Puey kisses the princess on her cheek.
Puey continues to kiss the princess on her cheek.
Puey has not finished kissing the princess on her cheek.
Puey kissed the princess on her cheek more than once.
Perfect Aspect
The upwàrju perfect aspect is used for to shew that something is not ongong, not continous, finished, or betides just once. It is the opposite of the imperfet aspect, an aorist if one will. The ending is characterized with the suffix -upwar.
Senípási xhamarnafhinùtya khmeníwayùpwar.
The sky pirate has finished being hyper on some pink lemonade.
The sky pirate does not continue being hyper on some pink lemonade.
The sky pirate is hyper on some pink lemonade once
Xhesteuyimùpwarn tsenastélàrejikh Puîye.
Puey has finished kissing the princess on her cheek.
Puey does not continue kissing the princess on her cheek.
Puey kissed the princess on her cheek once.
Progressive Aspect
The oâqeju progressive aspect is used for to shew that something is immediate and ongoing. It is more vivid than the òjhwaju imperfect aspect, and it means that something was happening or is happening or will be happening. The ending is characterized with the suffix -oaqe.
Senípási xhamarnafhinùtya khmeníwayoâqe.
The sky pirate was being hyper on some pink lemonade.
The sky pirate is being hyper on some pink lemonade.
The sky pirate shall be being hyper on some pink lemonade.
Xhesteuyimoâqen tsenastélàrejikh Puîye.
Puey was kissing the princess on her cheek.
Puey is kissing the princess on her cheek.
Puey will be kissing the princess on her cheek.
Eternal Aspect
The oâkhweju eternal aspect is used to show that something happens in the context of eternity. It often means that something has always happened or does always happen or will always happen. It is also used as a gnomic aorist, if you will, to describe general timeless truths. The ending is characterized with the suffix -oakhwe.
Senípási xhamarnafhinùtya khmeníwayoâkhwe.
The sky pirate always was hyper on some pink lemonade.
The sky pirate always is hyper on some pink lemonade.
The sky pirate always will be hyper on some pink lemonade.
The sky pirate is eternally hyper on some pink lemonade.
Xhesteuyimoâkhwen tsenastélàrejikh Puîye.
Puey was always kissing the princess on her cheek.
Puey is always kissing the princess on her cheek.
Puey will always kiss the princess on her cheek.
Puey eternally kisses the princess on her cheek.
Sometimes it is a little difficult to give the impression of a timeless gnomic truth, but one can think of some examples.
Khyeloasoâkhwen khmálerelùpwar.
Þe ocean is vast.
Euxiyoâkhwen jhpaipasàraxim.
A ballerina princess dances.
Qyekhenoâkhwen jakhtaqtayùpwar.
A warrior kills.
And in the above examples you will notice that I used the suffix –upwar as the singular absolutive suffix, for it is both a case affix as well as an aspect. In terms of vocabulary above I have used khyèloas those who are extremely large, great and khmálerel seas, oceans.
Vatick Aspect
The aipoîju vatick aspect is used to shew that something is fated to be or come about. This is the aspect used to imply that something is portentious, weighty, or doomladen. It is a little similar unto the injunctive mood in that it can be that something must come about or should be. Sometimes it can mean that one professes something to be true or prophecies something to come about or expects this to be. This aspect also has the connotation that something is done religiously or according to cultick practices. This aspect is used for prophecies and visions. It implies expectation or strong belief. If you need a simple translation just fall upon is fated to be and then let your mind wander off unto other possibilities. The ending of this aspect is characterized with -aipoi.
Senípási xhamarnafhinùtya khmeníwayaîpoi.
The sky pirate is fated to be hyper on some pink lemonade.
The sky pirate is doomed to be hyper on some pink lemonade.
The sky pirate must be hyper on some pink lemonade.
The sky pirate should be hyper on some pink lemonade.
Xhesteuyimaîpoin tsenastélàrejikh Puîye.
Puey is fated to kiss the princess on her cheek.
Puey is doomed to kiss the princess on her cheek.
Puey must kiss the princess on her cheek.
Puey should kiss the princess on her cheek.
If one compares the imperfect aspect, the perfect aspect, and the progressive aspect then
Wait, I need to see what Uncle wants.
Create some interesting examples! Something with nymphs!
No, Uncle.
At least use khrèjhar as the predicate. Every grammar has to use killing as the sample predicate.
Why is that? When did that custom begin? In my grammar, and I do hope it will be the exhaustive Complete Babel Grammar and Lexicon, I want there to be fun and whimsical examples. I’m going to use fhìntro, fhifhìntri those who tickle someone or something.
Mention nymphs!
Uncle, I think your soîpras brides are looking for you.
Really? I’ve got to go!
My beloved Puey, one can compare the imperfect aspect, the perfect aspect, and the progressive aspect in these sentences such as follows:
Fhifhìntro Puiyùsejikh Fhermáta.
Fhermáta tickles Puîyus.
Fhifhintroyoâjhwant Puiyùsejikh Fhermáta.
Fhermáta tickles Puîyus.
Fhermáta continues to tickle Puîyus.
Fhermáta keeps on tickling Puîyus.
Fhifhintroyùpwarnt Puiyùsejikh Fhermáta.
Fhermáta tickles Puîyus once.
Fhermáta finished tickling Puîyus.
Fhifhintroyoâqent Puiyùsejikh Fhermáta.
Fhermáta is tickling Puîyus.
What type of sample sentences are those? Who appointed you the Glossopoeist of the Land? I’m creating some sentences now.
Why does everyone keep trying to add to my grammar?
Okay, these are the perfect examples for the perfect aspect et cet et cet.
Khrèjhar Puîyus syofhèyaning xotóla.
The well-zoned heavenly nymph killed Puîyus on purpose.
Khrejharoâjhwant Puîyus syofhèyaning xotóla.
The well-zoned heavenly nymph kills Puîyus on purpose.
The supple heavenly nymph continues to kill Puîyus on purpose.
The well-zoned heavenly nymph keeps on killing Puîyus on purpose.
Khrejharùpwarnt Puîyus syofhèyaning xotóla.
The well-zoned heavenly nymph kills Puîyus once on purpose.
The well-zoned heavenly nymph finished killing Puîyus on purpose.
Khrejharoâqent Puîyus syofhèyaning xotóla.
The well-zoned heavenly nymph is killing Puîyus on purpose.
See, aren’t those better examples?
Beloved Lord Raven, I can see Fhifhìfhru running o'er the hills.
Oh! Gotta go!
He’s gone. Sigh. Did I just write ‘sigh?’ This is a strange realm. I suppose I should mention that syòfhe is one of our words for heavenly nymphs while xotóla means well-zoned maidens and those who are supple, have loverly hips.
Aspect markers may be affixed unto the Subject in the Experiencer Case, the Predicate in the Experiencer Case, or to a participle starting an unmarked relative clause in the Experiencer Case. Aspect markers are never affixed unto the Locative Case, the Vocative Case, or the Ergative Case. They may only be affixed unto the Experiencer Case, the Construct Case, and the Ingeminate Case. Plus the aspect suffixes –upwar and –ojhwa may be used to form the Absolutive Case. Why may only the Experiencer, Construct, and Ingeminate case take aspect? It’s all because of the wonderful Hierarchy of Cases. Shall we review for a moment?
Tsenàthwotso xhiqhilayàxhmikh
Þe Hierarchy of Cases
May take Aspect in Þe Presumptivë Mode
May not take Aspect
First Level
Experiencer Case
Vocativë Case
Second Level
Construct Case
Locativë Case
Third Level
Ingeminate Case
Fourth Level
Absolutivë Case
(·upwar/·ojhwa)
Ergativë Case
One could not say taê qúrayupwar for one who hath finished being a regent king, nor can one say qir qieloakhwe for in the eternal hill or even jakhtaqtayanoakhwe for the warrior who always is doing something on purpose.
One could say:
Qúrayùpwarn kú.
He was a viceroy king ond is no nmore.
Jaê úxhrejor qúra kae yupwar pú.
I see Þe one who finished being viceroy king.
Jaeyoâkhwet úxhrejor qúra kae yupwar pú.
I alwey see Þe one who finished viceroy king.
Axhíxhi teir qúrayùpwar.
You, who have finished being viceroy king are purple.
Tiqúrayùpwar tìlyár
You, who have finished being viceroy king, are shy and hopeful.
Xhthènteqhe qir qiêl qieloâkhwe kú.
Hee goeth into Þe hills, Þæt last for ever.
Thèker jakhtàqtayan qéyoâkhwexing.
The warrior who lasts for ever ks jumping.
Aspect markers may also be used with personal pronouns.
Qúra kúyupwarning.
He wæs Þe viceroy king ond is no nmore.
Jaê’ úxhrejor qúra kae yupwar púyoakhwet.
I alwey see Þe one who finished being viceroy king.
However, since personal pronouns altogether lack the absolutive case, if one finds –upwar and –ojhwa upon a personal pronoun it must be the perfect aspect and imperfect aspect respectively.
Jaê kúyentalupwar púxhli.
I see the ones who were happy once.
Jaê kúyontrinojhwa púxhli.
I see the one who are sweet many times.
The aspect markers have the
Where are Fhólus and Aîya? I hope they’re not getting into all sorts of trouble in the Otherworld. Who truly knows what is coming to pass in a world formed of Our Heart Raven’s imagination? Anyway, the aspect markers may end in –t for a first person subject, -s for second person, and –n for third person. The endings –t, -s, and –n are most often found on the predicate experiencer in the jùkhpo comment mood. Only occasionally are the suffixes –t, -s, and –n found upon khyèqa subject experiencers, the construct case, the ingeminate case, unmarked relative clauses in the experiencer case, or in the irreals mood or xhlélejo injunctive mood.
Xhthenteqheyùpwarn lwánòlutakh Puîye khnieràmpei tsenastélàrejikh.
Puey wended to Þe castle once intending to kiß Þe Princess.
Khmíroâkhwet stélàrejikh pú.
I eternally love Þe Princess.
Khmíroâkhwet stélàrejikh tú.
You eternally love Þe Princess.
Khmíroâkhwen stélàrejikh kú.
They eternally love Þe Princess.
Khmírétyaiyoâkhwe stélàrejikh xá tú!
Alwey love Þe Princess!
Khmíroâkhwet khem khmíroâkhwe jit jin.
I eternally love hir who eternally loves mee.
The aspect markers are considered very emphatic. Has anyone seen Fhermáta either? Perhaps she’s getting lost somewhere in the floating castles that dwell in this land. In terms of the aspect suffixes, usually one or two of them are used in discourse and context takes care of the rest. For instance, if one were describing a story wherein the aspect only happened once, one may use the suffix –upwar once or twice, and then omit the aspect suffix until it is necessary to indicate a different aspect. I think I can come up with a rather contrived example.
Xhthenteqheyùpwarn xhmir Jaràqtu Puîyus. Jaeyùpwarn kúxing. Xhthènteqhe qiêlutakh kú’ aqhus …
Puîyus wended to Jaràqta (once). Hee looked about ond finished looking about. Hee wended to Þe hills (once) ond …
What type of examples are those!
My heart Raven, why are you here again?
I’m tired of your silly examples. You should have written:
Xhthenteqheyùpwar xhmir Jaràqtu syofheyùpwar xotóla. Jaeyùpwarn syofheyùpwar xotóla. Xhthènteqhe qiêlutakh syofheyùpwar xotóla’ aqhus …
The well-zoned heavenly nymph came unto Jaràqtu. The supple heavenly nymph finished looking about. The well-zoned heavenly nymph wended to the hills and …
Honored My Heart Raven?
Yes?
I find it difficult to believe that you and my Mother are twins. You seem quite unlike.
Yeah, she was never any fun.
I’m going to continue discussing grammatical aspect.
How are my daughters doing?
Karuláta? Ixhúja? They’re fine.
Have you considered visiting them?
I have to visit my feral children? Must I, in truth?
You’re quite correct. I am not entirely sure that Mother Khwofheîlya would approve of another Immortal Ásaru appearing on the verandā of her crannog and trying to run her household. Mother Khwofheîlya was not at all sure what to do with my Mother.
Does little Karuláta talk about me? She does have mine eyen.
From time to time. Shall we discuss grammar now?
What about my little darling precious adorable little Ixhúja?
Ah … I am uncertain. Ixhúja is quite laconic by nature.
I’m sure she purrs about me all the time.
One would assume that is true. She does have your boisterous chaotic spirit, when she’s not starting fights and breaking down walls and causing all sorts of trouble … shall we discuss grammar?
Do you have to?
Puey, my love, and I’m addressing him now in this epistle.
Do you e'er write letters to me?
No.
You don’t have to. My Ravens read all the epistles that you read, as well as your notebook entries and the versions of your lexicon. You probably should be offended, but you seldom write of anything of interest unto us. It seems you mostly write about Puey, and he’s barely even Ravenlike in his activities.
Babel aspect is often difficult to translate into the Language of Beasts, hence
I’m just saying, you don’t mind if I take o'er your epistles, do you, my little jhkhefhtiiriiliîxing neiceling, that little Puîyos, begotten of my imagination, I did after all introduce his parents unto each other …
I thought my Mother …
Oh don’t listen to anything she says. She just makes it all up as she goes along. She’s hardly trustworthy at all, your Mother.
I just thought
Oh the things I know about her. We that are Immortal and are arrayed in Time, we have all eternity to spy upon each other and trick our Siblings, and oh what I could tell you about your Mother! What I could say! What you could learn! I suppose I should tell you at some time. Would you like me to tell you?
No.
Have you written your Mother recently.
No.
Do you like me? Or do you just like Puey?
I … of course I like you. Uncle. Raven Lord Person.
You don’t like anyone at all save Puey, and you only like his Sisters as extensions unto himself. I think you only tolerate the Triîm thralls because he treats them as pets.
I freed the slaves.
Did you now? There will always be slaves, for as long as children are born.
May I return to my letter to Puey.
No. And I think you only like Ixhúja my Daughter because she reminds you of Puey also.
I … I want to return to
Your secret is safe with me. Don’t worry, it’s not so bad. I don’t think Khnoqwísi really likes anyone who doesn’t remind her of Kàrijoi, that nitwit, that dumbcluck. You are quite like unto her. Shall I get you something to drink? Some mineral water, some mead tea, some pink lemonade perchance?
No thank you.
I can’t believe your Mother ran away from the Divine Clan of Áme just to stay with your Father, how inscrutable is that? And with the Crown Prince of all folk. One cannot plausibly account for her taste.
Babel aspect is often difficult to
All I’m saying is that Raven may be a Son of my thoughts, but he does not quite seem to have the attributes that one would expect of a Xiêker a Xòrmakh an Khnèxufha, a Son of Raven.
Babel aspect is oft difficult for to translate into the Language of Beasts. I shall create a few examples.
Khníjuròjhwant Puîyus.
Puîyus sings.
Puîyus continues to psing.
Puîyus sings many times.
Khníjurùpwarnt Puîyus.
Puîyus sang.
Puîyus finished singing.
Puîyus sings once.
I’m just saying, my little neiceling, that one would expect that my child would be far trickier than Puîyus has ended u up being. He’s far too nice and pious and for his own, he’s following the rules and honoring his parents and combing his melancholy blue tresses and petting squirrel muffins or whatever he does all the day long. Does that sound like me?
I would not know, my Heart Raven.
Shouldn’t he be setting fire to crannog and castle alike, shouldn’t he be starting wars and ending wars and kicking armies aside and winking at maidens. Yes, lots of maidens and sylphs and nymphs and sweethearts. How many other sweethearts does my Son have? Perhaps in that particular aspect Puîyus is like unto me.
I’m continueing with the epistle.
Khníjuroâqent Puîyus.
Puîyus was singing.
Puîyus is singing.
Puîyus shall be singing.
Khníjuroâkhwent Puîyus.
Puîyus alwey sings.
Puîyus eternally sings.
‘Tis a general timeleß statement Þæt Puîyus sings.
Khníjuraîpoint Puîyus.
Puîyus must sing.
‘Tis doomed Þæt Puîyus must psing.
Puîyus should be singing.
‘Tis believed Þæt Puîyus shall psing.
‘Tis prophecied Þæt Puîyus shall psing.
‘Tis expected Þæt Puîyus shall psing.
Puîyus sings religiously.
Because of cultick practices, Puîyus sings.
‘Tis fated Þæt Puîyus sings.
So, my little neiceling, do you mind whether I call you that, I don’t suppose you’ve reconsidered having other co-wives in your household? Personally I don’t understand why Puîyus should even consider asking you for permission at all, wasn’t he already supposed to be betrothed to one of my Daughters or other, I don’t remember which one, it can be so difficult to keep track of everything.
Raven, if you get the impression that I’m no longer paying attention to you, you would be quite correct. The suffix –upwar may ek be used to form the singular form of the absolutive case, and the suffix –ojhwa may be used to form the plural form of the jèxhle absolutive case. This may only be applied unto participles, since the personal pronounds do not form the absolutive case, nor do relative pronouns. For instance one says:
Seiyújar stélarùpwar Puîyeyan.
Puey bashfully thinks about Þe princess on purpose.
Seyújar stélaròjhwa Puîyeyan.
Puey bashfully thinks about Þe princesses on purpose.
Seîkuxha stélarùpwar Puîyeyan.
Puey shyly kißes Þe princess on purpose.
Sèkuxha stélaròjhwa Puîyeyan.
Puey shyly kißes Þe princesses on prupose.
I shall create a table to show
Oh! Oh! Oh! Neiceling! May I create some examples to
I’ve decided that henceforth only I shall be the one to create examples in my epistles.
Are you saying the Traîkhiim have ruined it for everyone? Unfair! Why I oughta poke them! Where are they? I hope they’re not swimming in my chocolate ponds.
Traîkhiim do not swim.
They may learn how to once they discover my chocolate ponds.
Uncle?
Yes?
Aren’t you supposed to be in charge of Nightmares?
Ah … yes.
And you’re sitting in a tree and helping your neice write a letter?
Indubitably.
Forgive me saying this, but when do you … go about your … honored tasks?
Ah … whenever I feel like it. I don’t keep to a schedual, not like my brethren the Stars! They’re quite comfortable with cycles and seasons and time. Bah! I just let the spirit move where where wish to be moved.
Here is almost everywhy every way that one can tèqlinon decline a Babel participle in terms of aspect along with emotional temporal participles. Just for fun, since the injunctive suffix –ampei is also a level five suffix, I shall include it in the table I’m at painting.
Pardon?
Kùxha tsenastélàrejikh Puîye.
Puey kißes Þe Princess.
Kùxha tsenastélàrejikh lrúnatser Puîye.
Puey kißed Þe Princess.
Puey was nostalgick for when he kissed the Princess.
Kùxha tsenastélàrejikh fhiînatser Puîye.
Puey now kißes Þe Princess.
Kùxha tsenastélàrejikh lyáratser Puîye.
Puey shall kiß Þe Princess.
Puey hopes to kiß Þe Princess.
Kuxhayàmpein tsenastélàrejikh Puîye.
Puey intends to kiss the Princess.
Kuxhayàmpein tsenastélàrejikh lrúnatser Puîye.
Puey intended to kiss the Princess.
Puey should have kissed the Princess.
Puey intended to be nostalgic for when he kissed the Princess.
Puey should have been nostalgic for when he kissed the Princess.
Kuxhayàmpein tsenastélàrejikh fhiînatser Puîye.
Puey now intends to kiss the Princess.
Puey now should kiss the Princess.
Kuxhayàmpein tsenastélàrejikh lyáratser Puîye.
Puey intends to kiss the Princess.
Puey shall kiss the Princess.
Puey intends to be hopeful to kiss the Princess.
Puey shall hope to kiss the Princess.
Kuxhayòjhwan tsenastélàrejikh Puîye.
Puey kißes Þe Princess many times.
Kuxhayòjhwan tsenastélàrejikh lrúnatser Puîye.
Puey kißed Þe Princess many times.
Puey is nostalgic for when he kissed the Princess many times.
Kuxhayòjhwan tsenastélàrejikh fhiînatser Puîye.
Puey now kißes Þe Princess many times.
Kuxhayòjhwan tsenastélàrejikh lyáratser Puîye.
Puey shall kiß Þe Princess many times.
Puey is hopeful to kiss the Princess many times.
Kuxhayùpwarn tsenastélàrejikh Puîye.
Puey kißes Þe Princess once.
Kuxhayùpwarn tsenastélàrejikh lrúnatser Puîye.
Puey kißes Þe Princess once ond is finished.
Kuxhayùpwarn tsenastélàrejikh fhiînatser Puîye.
Puey now kißes Þe Princess once.
Kuxhayùpwarn tsenastélàrejikh lyáratser Puîye.
Puey will kiß Þe Princess once.
Puey hopes to kiss the Princess once.
Kuxhayoâqen tsenastélàrejikh Puîye.
Puey is kißing Þe Princess.
Kuxhayoâqen tsenastélàrejikh lrúnatser Puîye.
Puey was kißing Þe Princess.
Puey was hoping to kiss the Princess.
Kuxhayoâqen tsenastélàrejikh fhiînatser Puîye.
Puey is now kißing Þe Princess.
Kuxhayoâqen tsenastélàrejikh lyáratser Puîye.
Puey will be kißing Þe Princess.
Puey will be hoping to kiss the Princess.
Kuxhayoâkhwen tsenastélàrejikh Puîye.
Puey alwey kißes Þe Princess.
Kuxhayoâkhwen tsenastélàrejikh lrúnatser Puîye.
Puey alwey kißed Þe Princess.
Puey always hoped to kiss the Princess.
Kuxhayoâkhwen tsenastélàrejikh fhiînatser Puîye.
Puey now alwey kißes Þe Princess.
Kuxhayoâkhwen tsenastélàrejikh lyáratser Puîye.
Puey shall alwey kiß Þe Princess.
Puey shall always hope to kiss the Princess.
Kuxhayaîpoin tsenastélàrejikh Puîye.
Puey must kiß Þe Princess.
Puey is fated to kiss the Princess.
Kuxhayaîpoin tsenastélàrejikh lrúnatser Puîye.
Puey must have kißed Þe Princess.
Puey is fated to be nostalgic about kissing the Princess.
Kuxhayaîpoin tsenastélàrejikh fhiînatser Puîye
Puey must now kiß Þe Princess.
Puey is fated now to kiss the Princess.
Kuxhayaîpoin tsenastélàrejikh lyáratser Puîye.
Puey shall have to kiß Þe Princess.
Puey is fated to be hopeful to kiss the Princess.
Nieceling, have I told you the story of how I invented the color blue?
I think I shall create just a few more examples.
I was trying to impress this sylph I just met, and I thought, wouldn’t it be nice if I could mantle myself in the heavens and
Here are some examples.
Qúrayoâqen úxha tepoxhmi’ ó.
Someone is being a blue viceroy king for us.
Qúrayoâkhwen úxha tepoxhmi’ ó.
Someone is alwey viceroy king over us.
Íyoâqen qìr toâ Puîyus úxha.
Blue Puîyus is going therethither.
Íyoâkhwen qìr toâ Puîyus úxha.
Blue Puîyus must alwey go therethither.
Euixiyoâkhwenul tlhir ijótlha’ úxha’ okháxeîxul.
Þe many blue birds are alwey dancing over Þe whhhispering mountains.
Újar eixhrejorul stélaroâqen úxha.
Þe blue princess is thinking of many things.
Are you sure you don’t want me to create some examples for you?
I’m doing quite fine without your assistence, My Lord Raven.
Pity.
From my observations on the Language of Beasts
What you pay attention to the twitters and blurps of slugs and birds?
Babel does not have aspects which purely denote time. However, the aspect suffixes which we have are often used in conjunction with these locative phrases in order to express some rather finessed slices of the rainbow of time.
Pé, present tyme; Qìr pé, in Þe present, now
Xhré, past tyme; Qìr xhré, in Þe past, then; Qìr xhré xhré, in Þe far past, pluperfect
Xhmé, intencioun; Qìr xhmé, with intent
Xhlár sojhwayòlkha jhína pfho’ Ixhúja.
Ixhúja eats Þe clockweyth dragonflies.
Xhlár sojhwayòlkha jhína pfho qìr pé’ Ixhúja.
Ixhúja now eats clockweyth dragonflies.
Xhlár sojhwayòlkha jhína pfho qìr xhré’ Ixhúja.
Ixhúja ate clockweyth dragonflies.
Xhlár sojhwayòlkha jhína pfho qìr xhré xhré’ Ixhúja.
Ixhúja had eaten clockweyth dragonflies.
Xhlár sojhwayòlkha jhína pfho qìr xhmé’ Ixhúja.
Ixhúja intends to eat clockweyth dragonflies.
Xhlároâqen sojhwayòlkha jhína pfho’ Ixhúja.
Ixhúja is eating Þe clockweyth dragonflies.
Xhlároâqen sojhwayòlkha jhína pfho qìr pé’ Ixhúja.
Ixhúja is now eating Þe clockweyth dragonflies.
Xhlároâqen sojhwayòlkha jhína pfho qìr xhré’ Ixhúja.
Ixhúja was eating Þe clockweyth dragonflies.
Xhlároâqen sojhwayòlkha jhína pfho qìr xhré xhré’ Ixhúja.
Ixhúja had been eating clockweyth dragonflies.
Xhlároâqen sojhwayòlkha jhína pfho qìr xhmé’ Ixhúja.
Ixhúja intends to be eating clockweyth dragonflies.
Xhlároâkhwen sojhwayòlkha jhína pfho’ Ixhúja.
Ixhúja alwey eats clockweyth dragonflies.
Xhlároâkhwen sojhwayòlkha jhína pfho qìr pé’ Ixhúja.
Ixhúja now alwey eats clockweyth dragonflies.
Xhlároâkhwen sojhwayòlkha jhína pfho qìr xhré’ Ixhúja.
Ixhúja alwey ate clockweyth dragonflies.
Xhlároâkhwen sojhwayòlkha jhína pfho qìr xhré xhré’ Ixhúja.
Ixhúja alwey had been eating clockweyth dragonflies.
Xhlároâkhwen sojhwayòlkha jhína pfho qìr xhmé’ Ixhúja.
Ixhúja intends alwey to eat clockweyth dragonflies.
And in the examples above I have used the word sòjhwa, sòjhwil which is one of our participles for dragonflies, libelul, burrmuru, wiriŋ̃d̀ila, yiriŋ̃d̀iy, and jhína which means clockwork machines, clockweyth, rourage, sibärav, sibärik. And the locative phrases themselves could hav ebeen placed before the object construction xhlár sojhwayòlkha jhína pfho or after the subject Ixhúja.. Both the sentence qìr pé xhlár sojhwayòlkha jhína pfho’ Ixhúja and Xhlár sojhwayòlkha jhína pfho’ Ixhúja qìr pé are grammatical, but the locative phrase may not break apart the construct object. Also, the same sense oc the sentences could have been expressed by adding the aspect unto the subject Ixhúja rather than the predicate xhlár, since the subject was in the experiencer case. Hence Xhlár sojhwayòlkha jhína pfho’ Ixhújayoâkhwe qìr xhmé means Ixhúja intends always to eat clockwork dragonflies. However where these volitional or non-volitional sentences, the aspect could only be applied unto the predicate, since aspect cannot be applied unto the ergative case or the locative case. One could say Xhlároâkhwen sojhwayòjhwa jhína pfho’ Ixhújayan Ixhúja always eats the clockwork dragonflies on purpose or Xhlároâkhwen sojhwayòjhwa jhína pfho’ Ixhúyàyepakh Ixhúja always eats the clockwork dragonflies by accident, with the predicate taking the weight of the aspect.
Oh neiceling?
Ah, you’re still here?
I know, I’m just incourigible. How’s the not yet knowing how to fly thing going for you yet? Anyway, I’ve got a question or comment or complaint for you. It seems to me that we have lots of different locative phrases that refer to present time and past time and being nostalgic and being hopeful but we don’t really have a way to express happening in future timelines. Why the eternal aspect –oakhwe means always and eternally and it can be past and present, but it must logically point to the future, and although we talk about having intended to capture the heavenly sylphs and now intending to capture the heavenly sylphs most of the basic usages of the injunctive mood just logically point unto the future timelines. Why is it that this silly little ballerina love-strook language of yours just has no aspect at all to deal with the future?
Ah … we really don’t need it. Anyway, Puey mentioned in his last epistle that using the injunctive mood in a tlhùthwun volitional clause has many aspects of implying time to come.
Sure, but Princess, it just seems that Burble is broken.
Babel.
Bibble is broken.
No it’s not.
Your aspects and adverbials all just don’t line up. It’s all so assymetrical.
I don’t find that a criticism at all. Here, I’m taking your epistle and writing this out myself. It just shows that Burble is all shattered and in need of help!
Maybe I should stay with Puey’s family for awhile.
Burble is Broken and Bibbled and Blurst!
By Our Heart Raven
Who is very beautiful and lovely and comely
And we all love Raven
Pé present time, qìr pé in the present, now
Khmaô and qí and sámo, sámoyot and fhiîn those who are present, recent, contemporary
Injunctive mood endings
Such as
+khrúju qìr xhmé
Wtsuloîloti and Fhurtènti present realms, places in the present timelines
Xhré past time, qìr xhré in the past, then
Lrún and khlún and fhúna those who are in the past, are nostalgic for something or other I don’t know
And
Xhmuju
Xhmafhùrten and xhmawetsuloîlo past realms, places in the past timelines
qìr xhré xhré in the far past, pluperfect, præterpluperfectly in the pastly past past
← What’s going on here? You don’t have a word xhré xhré meaning far past time rather it means the past indeed. So you have this adverbial that doesn’t connect to anything at all!
And
Suju
We don’t have a word for realms in the far, far past. But then again, does that even make sense? Realms all spin around, eccentric and totaling and teetotalling all about. Wheeeee!
Look, this whole chart is getting all assymetrical here!
Fhwún and lyár those who are in the future, are hopeful for someone or something
And
-ampei
-ampeit
-ampeis
-ampein
And we don’t have any words for realms that are nostalgic or hopeful for anything.
I’m leaving this box blank.
↑ And look all of these participles above me are all concerned with thought and emotion, it’s how we feel about time, at least there we almost get a future-y time thing betiding itself up there.
Xhmé intention qìr xhmé within intent and it is used in almost a quasi-injunctive mood thingy thing thing
I forgot what I was going to write in this box.
qìr té then, next, eft
← Now look at just how lonely this little locative phrase is. Next. Then. It’s all very sad. Where is this adverbial to go? There is no aspect to correspond unto it.
So the injunctive thing thing can be used for intention for past and present but by itself it’s rather future-y.
I still think that qìr té just looks lonely. Can’t we do anything for him? Let’s introduce him to a cute little adverbial maid. They can get married and have lots of adverbial little children. Do you know any cute and docile little locative phrases? I think I shall start hunting around for them.
Why don’t we have any adverbial phrases meaning in trickstery time? Or in a peiratical tide?
I meant to write something here.
Plus we can use those emotional little participles to give emotional time unto the, I’m not entirely sure where I’m heading with this argument but I just know that I’m right.
Wtsuloîlo and Fhùrten future realms, places in the future timelines
Mine Heart Raven, I am not at all sure whether that chart makes any sense at all. It seems to be a comparision of different types of locative phrases and the injunctive mood
You’re far too serious my little childling. No wonder Puey is always running away and steeling muffins and cookies and pies. Is he around here? I’d like to throw scurrying rocks at him.
You are quite right, My Lord Raven, a participle without any aspect upon it at all is the most common way to denote something happening in time to come. Shall I give a textbook example? Something dull I suppose.
Khrèjhar kejoqe kóxhrejoring Puîyus qúra kejoqe púxing.
After Puîyus kills him, I am the regent king.
After Puîyus kills him, I shall be the regent king.
Yes, my darling little nieceling, what a lovely little example you’ve given. Yes, the injunctive mood and the adverbial phrase qìr xhmé can all point unto the future. The injunctivey thing is all about thinking of doing and intending on to doing and about to doing and usually for the doing, méllō, émellon, ḗmellon méllon mélleskon mellḗskon mellḗsō eméllēsa. I think I can give you some examples.
Khniêr altèrtraikh xotóla kae Puîyusan.
Puîyus succeeded in kissing the well-zoned concubine.
Puîyus shall succeed in kissing the well-zoned concubine.
Khniêr khrúju qìr xhmé’ altèrtraikh xotóla kae Puîyusan.
Khniêr xhmuju’ altèrtraikh xotóla kae Puîyusan.
Khnieràmpein altèrtraikh xotóla kae Puîyusan.
Khniêr altèrtraikh xotóla kae qìr xhmé Puîyusan.
Puîyus intends on succeeding in kissing the well-zoned concubine.
Puîyus shall need to kiss the well-zoned concubine on purpose.
And yet one is also reminded of the participle xhnìxhme those who are about to, on the point of being someone or something and the level six verbal suffix –iimpi which means just about the same thing, and they can also point unto time to come.
Xhnìxhme khniêr xhroe’ altèrtraikh xotóla kae Puîyusan.
Khnieriîmpi khniêr xhroe’ altèrtraikh xotóla kae Puîyusan.
Puîyus is on the point of kissing the well-zoned concubine.
Puîyus is fixing on kissing the well-zoned concubine.
Do I need to introduce any vocabulary unto you, my neiceling? Have I taught you the word altèrtrakh, altèrtraikh secondary wives, junior wives, senior concubines, do you know that word yet?
Yes, Raven.
Oh, and xotóla well-zoned maidens.
I’m quite familiar with that word.
We invented that word because of Mother.
Raven, don’t you have an infinite number of dimensions to be ruling?
Sure. They can run themselves. So, as I was saying, we invented the word xotóla for your Mother. The entire idea of feminine beauty comes from her.
I’m sorry … pardon?
The entire idea of beauty really comes from her.
I thought it came from Empress Pfhentókha the first Færie woman?
Who? Oh. Her. I remember her. Oh no. Your Mother. Your divine Mother Khnoqwísi is essentially a mathematical function, a living wtsaûng golden ratio of 1.6180339887. Why from your Mother’s eyen all feminine eyen were measured, from her grace and wings were all of the Daughters of Mortals formed.
I’m going to write about periphrastic ways to express different aspects.
I wonder whatever happened to your Mother. Shall I invite her to the Shade?
Periphrastic Ways to Form the Imperfect and Perfect and Progressive Aspects.
There are several ways that one can semantically express the imperfect and perfect and progressive aspects by the use of different participles. The word tlhatlhìjhya, tlhatlhìjhyot means those who are imperfect, unfinished and also has connotations of the imperfect aspect. The word páya, páyayot means those who are done, finished and the term pyìxhe, pyìxhim means those who are good, finished, exceptable, perfect and both participles can be used to mean perfect aspect. Finally we have the participle xhnípe those who are engaged in someone or something or who are done, and it is the normal marker of the passiv voice, but also can be used for the progressive aspect.
Princess, are you going to draw a chart for that?
I don’t really think it is necessary.
Oh do, please.
Of course.
Tlhatlhìjhya, tlhatlhìjhyot tho who are imperfect, unfinished > Imperfect Aspect
Páya, páyayot tho who are done, finished > Perfect Aspect
Pyìxhe, pyìxhim tho who are goodly, finished, exceptababel, perfect > Perfect Aspect
Xhnípe tho who are engaged in (somewhom/somewhat), who are to be done (paßivë voice) [with·go·Þis·tyme] > Progreßivë Aspect
Oh, isn’t that lovely! Your Mother used to draw little boxes just like that in her doodle books.
Mother used to draw? I never knew that. Now, rather tha using the suffixes –ojhwa and –upwar and –oaqe one may use the above particples in apposition relative clauses or in the khleîxhme ingeminate cases for to make periphrastic forms for the imperfect, perfect, and progressive aspects. You will note, natheless, that xhnípe cannot do this for participles which are being used in a transitive or ditransitive sense since such is the normal strategy whichby one forms the thwoâprang passive voice.
That hardly seems far.
My Lord, don’t you have a place to be?
Nope. Do you need help painting the chart?
Nope.
Tlhatlhìjhya, tlhatlhìjhyot
·ojhwa
Páya, páyayot; pyìxhe, pyìxhim
·upwar
Xhnípe
·oaqe
Qiêl tlhatlhìjhyot kei.
It continues to be a hill.
Qielòjhwan keixing.
It continues to be a hill.
Qiêl páyayot kei.
Qiêl pyìxhim kei.
It finished being a hill.
Qielùpwarn kei.
It finished being a hill.
Qiêl xhnípe kei.
Xhnípe qiêl xhroe kei.
‘Tis being a hill.
Qieloâqen kei.
‘Tis being a hill.
Ptàjho tlhatlhìjhyot kei.
It continues to be some psand.
Ptajhoyòjhwan keixing.
It continues to be some psand.
Ptàjho páyayot kei.
Ptàjho pyìxhim kei.
It finished being some psand.
Ptajhoyùpwarn kei.
It finished being some psand.
Ptàjho xhnípe kei.
Xhnípe ptàjho xhroe kei.
‘Tis being some psand.
Ptajhoyoâqen kei.
‘Tis being some psand.
Jaràqtu tlhatlhìjhyot kei.
It continues to be Jaràqtu.
Jaraqtuyòjhwan kei.
It continues to be Jaràqtu.
Jaràqtu páyayot kei.
Jaràqtu pyìxhim kei.
It finished being Jaràqtu.
Jaraqtuyùpwarn kei.
It finished being Jaràqtu.
Jaràqtu xhnípe kei.
Xhnípe Jaràqtu xhroe kei.
‘Tis being Jaràqtu.
Jaraqtuyoâqen kei.
‘Tis being Jaràqtu.
Xhthènteqhe tlhatlhìjhyot ku.
He continues to go.
Xhthenteqheyòjhwan
kú.
He continues to go.
Xhthènteqhe
páyayot kú.
Xhthènteqhe pyìxhim kú.
He finished going.
Xhthenteqheyùpwarn kei.
It finished going.
Xhthènteqhe xhnípe kú.
Xhnípe xhthènteqhe xhroe kú.
He’s going.
Xhthenteqheyoâqen kú.
He’s going.
Khniêr tlhatlhìjhyot kú.
He continues to kiß.
Khnieròjhwan kúxing.
He continues to kiß.
Khniêr páyayot kúxing.
Khniêr pyìxhim kúxing.
He finished kißing.
Khnierùpwarn kúxing.
He finished kißing.
Khnieroâqen kú.
He’s kißing.
Tlhìkhpen tlhatlhìjhyot kú.
He continues to put something somewhither.
Tlhikhpenòjhwan kú.
He continues to put something somewhither.
Tlhìkhpent páyayot kú.
Tlhìkhpent pyìxhim kúxing.
He finished putting something somewhither.
Tlhikhpenùpwarn kú.
He finished putting something somewhither.
Tlhikhpenoâqen kú.
He’s putting something somewhither.
Wtsàtim tlhatlhìjhyot kú.
He continues to be green.
Wtsatimòjhwan kú.
He continues to be green.
Wtsàtim páyayot kúxing.
Wtsàtim pyìxhim kúxing.
He finished being green.
Wtsatimùpwarn kúxing.
He finished being green.
Wtsàtim xhnípe kú.
Xhnípe wtsàtim xhroe kú.
He’s being green.
Wtsatimoâqen kú.
He’s being green.
Qìfhis tlhatlhìjhyot kú.
He continues never doing anything.
Qifhisòjhwan kúxing.
He continues never doing anything.
Qìfhis páyayot kúxing.
Qìfhis pyìxhim kúxing.
He finished never doing anything.
Qifhisùpwarn kúxing.
He finished never doing anything.
Qìfhis xhnípe kúxing.
Xhnípe qìfhis xhroe kúxing.
He’s never doing anything.
Qifhisoâqen kúxing.
He’s never doinog anything.
Please note, oh Puey my love, that the level two suffix –ompan compleate, whole, finished is generally note used to denote the upwàrju perfect aspect. The suffix –ompan can be found with other fhèqli aspects while retaining its original meaning such as in the following:
Khnierompanòjhwan stélàrejikh Puîyus.
Puîyus continues compleately to kiß Þe princess.
Puîyus continues wholely to kiß Þe princess.
Khnierompanùpwarn stélàrejikh Puîyus.
Puîyus finished compleately kißing Þe princess.
Puîyus finished wholely kißing Þe princess.
Khnierompanoâqen stélàrejikh Puîyus.
Puîyus is compleately kißing Þe princess.
Puîyus is wholely kißing Þe princess.
Are you getting hungry, my neiceling?
No. Now, aspect markers
You mortals still need to eat, right?
Occasionally. Aspect markers
How often do you have to ingest matter? I assume you have to eat every hour or so.
Not that often.
I can create a feast for you. I can start cramming food inside you if you wish it. I forget how you creatures eat. you employ your ears for such, do you not? I’m going to start pouring an ocean of soup into your ears. You eat soup, no? Or is it soap. I forget.
Aspect markers may only be applied unto the experiencer, construct, and ingeminate case, and in the presumptive mode. An one wishes for to modify the locative, or the vocative, or the absolutive, or the ergative, than one must use either an unmarked relative clause in the experiencer case or one of the periphrastic constructions above.
Khnieròjhwan stélàrejikh Puîyus.
Khniêr tlhatlhìjhyot stélàrejikh Puîyus.
Puîyus continues to kiß Þe princess.
Khnierùpwarn stélàrejikh Puîyus.
Khniêr páyayot stélàrejikh Puîyus.
Khniêr pyìxhim stélàrejikh Puîyus.
Puîyus finished kißing Þe princess.
Khnieroâqen stélàrejikh Puîyus.
Khniêr xhnípe stélàrejikh Puîyus.
Xhnípe khniêrejikh stélàrejikh Puîyus.
Puîyus is kißing Þe princess.
Khniêr stélarejikhòjhwa Puîyus.
Khniêr stélàrejikh tlhatlhìjhyot kae Puîyus.
Puîyus kißes Þe one who continues to be a princess.
Khniêr stélarejikhùpwar Puîyus.
Khniêr stélàrejikh páyayot kae Puîyus.
Khniêr stélàrejikh pyìxhim kae Puîyus.
Puîyus kißes Þe one who finished being a princess.
Khniêr stélarejikhoâqe Puîyus.
Khniêr stélàrejikh xhnípe kae Puîyus.
Puîyus kißes Þe one being a princess.
Khniêr qéyejikh stélar kae yojhwa Puîyus.
Khniêr qéyejikh stélar tlhatlhìjhyot kae Puîyus.
Puîyus kißes Þe one who continues to be a princess.
Khniêr qéyejikh stélar kae yupwar Puîyus.
Khniêr qéyejikh stélar páyayot kae Puîyus.
Khniêr qéyejikh stélar pyìxhim kae Puîyus.
Puîyus kißes Þe one who finished being a princess.
Khniêr qéyejikh stélar kae yoaqe Puîyus.
Khniêr qéyejikh stélar xhnípe kae Puîyus.
Puîyus kißes Þe one being a princess.
Taê Kàrijoi xúyòjhwa!
Taê Kàrijoi tlhatlhìjhyot!
Thou who continue to be Kàrijoi!
Taê Kàrijoi xúyùpwar!
Taê Kàrijoi páyayot!
Taê Kàrijoi pyìxhim!
Thou who finished being Kàrijoi!
Taê Kàrijoi xúyoâqe!
Taê Kàrijoi xhnípe!
Thou who art being Kàrijoi!
Qir qiêl khmérnòjhwa
Qiêlaloi ker khmérnòjhwa
Qir qiêl tlhatlhìjhyot
Qiêl tlhatlhijhòtaloi
In Þe hills Þæt continue to be
Qir qiêl khmérnùpwar
Qiêlaloi ker khmérnùpwar
Qir qiêl páyayot
Qir qiêl pyìxhim
Qiêl páyayòtaloi
Qiêl pyixhìmaloi
In Þe hills Þæt have finished being
Qir qiêl khmérnoâqe
Qiêlaloi ker khmérnoâqe
Qir qiêl xhnípe
Qiêl xhnípèyaloi
In Þe hills Þæt are being hills
With the absolutive case one must be careful because the perfect aspect ending –upwar is the singular absolutive ending, while the ending –ojhwa is the plural absolutive case.
Khniêr stélarùpwar qé kae yojhwa Puîyusan.
Khniêr stélarùpwar tlhatlhìjhyot kae Puîyusan.
Puîyus purposely kissed the one who continues to be a princess.
Khniêr stélarùpwar qé kae yupwar Puîyusan.
Khniêr stélarùpwar páyayot kae Puîyusan.
Khniêr stélarùpwar pyìxhim kae Puîyusan.
Puîyus purposely kissed the one who finished being a princess.
Khniêr stélarùpwar qé kae yoaqe Puîyusan.
Khniêr stélarùpwar qé xhnípe kae Puîyusan.
Puîyus is purposely kissing the one being a princess.
Khniêr stélaròjhwa qé kae yojhwa Puîyusan.
Khniêr stélaròjhwa tlhatlhìjhya kae Puîyusan.
Puîyus purposely kissed the ones who continue to be princesses.
Khniêr stélaròjhwa qé kae yupwar Puîyusan.
Khniêr stélaròjhwa páya kae Puîyusan.
Khniêr stélaròjhwa pyìxhw kae Puîyusan.
Puîyus purposely kissed the ones who finished being princesses.
Khniêr stélaròjhwa qé kae yoaqe Puîyusan.
Khniêr stélaròjhwa qé xhnípe kae Puîyusan.
Puîyus is purposely kissing the ones being princesses.
Xhthènteqhe xhmir Jaràqtu jakhtaqtayùpwar qéyòjhwa.
Xhthènteqhe xhmir Jaràqtu jakhtaqtayùpwar tlhatlhìjhyot.
The one continueing being a warrior goes unto Jaràqtu.
Xhthènteqhe xhmir Jaràqtu jakhtaqtayùpwar qéyùpwar.
Xhthènteqhe xhmir Jaràqtu jakhtaqtayùpwar páyayot.
Xhthènteqhe xhmir Jaràqtu jakhtaqtayùpwar pyìxhim.
The one who finished being a warrior goes unto Jaràqtu.
Xhthènteqhe xhmir Jaràqtu jakhtaqtayùpwar qéyoâqe
Xhthènteqhe xhmir Jaràqtu jakhtaqtayùpwar xhnípe
Xhthènteqhe xhmir Jaràqtu xhnípe jakhtaqtayèjikhing.
The one being a warrior goes unto Jaràqtu.
Xhthènteqhe xhmir Jaràqtu jakhtaqtayòjhwa qéyòjhwa.
Xhthènteqhe xhmir Jaràqtu jakhtaqtayòjhwa tlhatlhìjhya.
Those continueing being warriors go unto Jaràqtu.
Xhthènteqhe xhmir Jaràqtu jakhtaqtayòjhwa qéyùpwar.
Xhthènteqhe xhmir Jaràqtu jakhtaqtayòjhwa páya.
Xhthènteqhe xhmir Jaràqtu jakhtaqtayòjhwa pyìxhe.
Those who finished being warriors go unto Jaràqtu.
Xhthènteqhe xhmir Jaràqtu jakhtaqtayòjhwa qéyoâqe
Xhthènteqhe xhmir Jaràqtu jakhtaqtayòjhwa xhnípe
Xhthènteqhe xhmir Jaràqtu xhnípe jakhtaqtayèjikhing.
Those being warriors go unto Jaràqtu.
Khniêr stélarùpwar Puiyusanòjhwa.
Khniêr stélarùpwar Puîyusan tlhatlhìjhyot.
Puîyus continues to kiss the princess on purpose.
Khniêr stélarùpwar Puiyusanùpwar.
Khniêr stélarùpwar Puîyusan páyayot.
Khniêr stélarùpwar pyìxhim.
Puîyus finished kissing the princess on purpose.
Khniêr stélarùpwar Puiyusanoâqe.
Khniêr stélarùpwar Puîyusan xhnípe
Khniêr stélarùpwar xhnípeyant Puiyùsejikh.
Puîyus is kissing the princess on purpose.
The experiencer case as the subject is sometimes only recognized because it has an aspect suffix upon it.
Khniêr tsenastélàrejikh Puiyusòjhwa.
Khniêr tsenastélàrejikh Puîyus tlhatlhìjhyot.
Puîyus continues to kiss the princess.
Khniêr tsenastélàrejikh Puiyusùpwar.
Khniêr tsenastélàrejikh Puîyus páyayot.
Khniêr tsenastélàrejikh Puîyus pyìxhim.
Puîyus finished kissing the princess.
Khniêr tsenastélàrejikh Puiyusoâqe.
Khniêr tsenastélàrejikh Puîyus xhnípe.
Khniêr tsenastélàrejikh xhnípe Puiyùsejikh.
Puîyus is kissing the princess.
In addition to the periphrasticξ involving the use of the participles tlhatlhìjhya, tlhatlhìjhyot and páya, páyayot and pyìxhe, pyìxhim and xhnípe, sometimes aspect may be implied by the telick properties of the predicate experiencer. For instance, rather than using the construct case as the object, using the partitive genitive form of the locative case can, under certain circumstances, imply that the action is continuous or imperfect. Conversely using the construct case as an object with the khorna- prefix of –uxhwi suffix can imply that the action is finished or perfect. Consider the following.
No.
Pardon?
I don’t really feel in the mood of considering more grammatical examples.
Alas. I’ll just stay here and finish mine epistle. These Ravens will deliver it to Puey, I trust.
Maybe. I don’t know. I can’t be expected to be in charge of all my kingdom! I’m leaving.
Bye. At least I don’t have to write any more examples involving heavenly nymphs.
Did you mention nymphs?
Yes. Bye.
You’re not going to create some examples involving them?
If I do will you go away.
I promise nothing.
I’m going to use the participle Khlàxa for Heavenly Nymphs, Water Elementals, Feofs, quite an interesting word, since it’s related unto Khlàxat (khlaxak-), the quantifier for water, liquids, and plasma.
Huh?
Xhùrnamat tsenafhafhelòlkha khlàxa qlín.
Þe beautiful heavenly nymph ate Þe fhàfhel fruit.
Xhùrnamat tsenafhafhelòtya khlàxa qlín.
Þe beautiful heavenly nymph ate of Þe fhàfhel fruit.
Þe beautiful heavenly nymph ate part of Þe fhàfhel fruit.
Xhùrnamat qlús xhroe tsenafhahelòtya khlàxa qlín.
Þe beautiful heavenly nymph ate some of Þe fhàfhel fruit.
Xhurnamatòjhwan tsenafhafhelòtya khlàxa qlín.
Þe beautiful heavenly nymph continued to eat of Þe fhàfhel fruit.
Xhùrnamat khornafhafhelòtya khlàxa qlín.
Xhùrnamat fhafhelotyaxùxhwi khlàxa qlín.
Þe beautiful heavenly nymph ate of all of Þe fhàfhel fruit.
Xhurnamatùpwarn khornafhafhelòtya khlàxa qlín.
Xhurnamatùpwarn fhafhelotyaxùxhwi khlàxa qlín.
Þe beautiful heavenly nymph finished eating of all of Þe fhàfhel fruit.
And just to complete the paradigm, and perchance just to make it stranger, let us consider telicity yoked unto the periphrasticξ.
Xhùrnamat tlhatlhìjhyot tsenafhafhelòlkha khlàxa qlín.
Þe beautiful heavenly nymph continues to eat Þe fhàfhel fruit.
Xhùrnamat tlhatlhìjhyot tsenafhafhelòtya khlàxa qlín.
Þe beautiful heavenly nymph continues to eat of Þe fhàfhel fruit.
Þe beautiful heavenly nymph continues to eat part of Þe fhàfhel fruit.
Xhùrnamat tlhatlhìjhyot qlús xhroe tsenafhahelòtya khlàxa qlín.
Þe beautiful heavenly nymph continues to eat some of Þe fhàfhel fruit.
Xhurnamatòjhwan tlhatlhìjhyot tsenafhafhelòtya khlàxa qlín.
Þe beautiful heavenly nymph continuouswise were eating of Þe fhàfhel fruit.
Xhùrnamat tlhatlhìjhyot khornafhafhelòtya khlàxa qlín.
Xhùrnamat tlhatlhìjhyot fhafhelotyaxùxhwi khlàxa qlín.
Þe beautiful heavenly nymph continued to eat of all of Þe fhàfhel fruit.
Xhurnamatùpwarn tlhatlhìjhyot khornafhafhelòtya khlàxa qlín.
Xhurnamatùpwarn tlhatlhìjhyot fhafhelotyaxùxhwi khlàxa qlín.
Þe beautiful heavenly nymph wæs finishing eating of all of Þe fhàfhel fruit.
Xhùrnamat páyayot tsenafhafhelòlkha khlàxa qlín.
Xhùrnamat pyìxhim tsenafhafhelòlkha khlàxa qlín.
Þe beautiful heavenly nymph finished eating Þe fhàfhel fruit.
Xhùrnamat páyayot tsenafhafhelòtya khlàxa qlín.
Xhùrnamat pyìxhim tsenafhafhelòtya khlàxa qlín.
Þe beautiful heavenly nymph finished eating of Þe fhàfhel fruit.
Þe beautiful heavenly nymph finished eating part of Þe fhàfhel fruit.
Xhùrnamat páyayot qlús xhroe tsenafhahelòtya khlàxa qlín.
Xhùrnamat pyìxhim qlús xhroe tsenafhahelòtya khlàxa qlín.
Þe beautiful heavenly nymph finished eating some of Þe fhàfhel fruit.
Xhurnamatòjhwan páyayot tsenafhafhelòtya khlàxa qlín.
Xhurnamatòjhwan pyìxhim tsenafhafhelòtya khlàxa qlín.
Þe beautiful heavenly nymph finished continuing to eat of Þe fhàfhel fruit.
Xhùrnamat páyayot khornafhafhelòtya khlàxa qlín.
Xhùrnamat páyayot fhafhelotyaxùxhwi khlàxa qlín.
Xhùrnamat pyìxhim khornafhafhelòtya khlàxa qlín.
Xhùrnamat pyìxhim fhafhelotyaxùxhwi khlàxa qlín.
Þe beautiful heavenly nymph continued to eat of all of Þe fhàfhel fruit.
Xhurnamatùpwarnt páyayot khornafhafhelòtya khlàxa qlín.
Xhurnamatùpwarnt páyayot fhafhelotyaxùxhwi khlàxa qlín.
Xhurnamatùpwarnt pyìxhim khornafhafhelòtya khlàxa qlín.
Xhurnamatùpwarnt pyìxhim fhafhelotyaxùxhwi khlàxa qlín.
Þe beautiful heavenly nymph finished continuing to eat of all of Þe fhàfhel fruit.
And in the examples above I used the word fhàfhel, which is a type of red fruit. The sentences are of course delightful and nonsensical, since heavenly nymphs, being Spirits, do not eat at all, no more than they sleep or die or marry or are given in marriage.
What a pity.
Are you still here, My Lord Raven?
I’ve become a black Sun. I’m fluttering and burning. I had no idea grammar could be so dull. You’re almost done with this, aren’t you?
Perhaps I’m half done.
Ugh! That’s it. I’m delivering this epistle. I may or may not e'er return again.
Fairwell. Ah, before you go, do you need to contact Karuláta and put her in charge of Dreams?
I don’t think anyone needs to be in charge. I’ll just let everything … continue onwards. Imperfect aspect schmaspect. Gimme that letter. Shall I greet your Mother for you?
If you choose. Bye!
Oh! Have you seen that nymph? Sorry, I need to go and introduce myself.
And I shall I deliver the epistle? My Lord? Lord Raven? Uncle?
Where are you? How do I know that Puey will receive
[smudges]
What do you mean he’s already received it! Do you have to keep shifting time around and
[smudges]
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