Sore Wings

http://sites.google.com/site/psalmofdreams/Home/introduction-to-babel-grammar/i-m-so-glad-puey-s-h

Notebook Entry: I’m so glad Puey is Home

It just doesn’t seem just at all that now that Puey’s here everyone is acting in such an happy manner about him or at least my Mother is she honestly has no memory at all of smacking me about with her flame wings just nothing can bother her at all. I don’t know whether she is altogher unphased in time or whether her kind just has such a completely different outlook to the rest of us that there can truly be no concourse between us. That being written, I’d still rather be here with her than with Father. No only have I no desire to see the Battle around the Void, but I am still not at all sure how I feel about my Father. He might not have been the true enemy, if one may speak of our tragedy in such terms, but I am not sure whether I’m ready to be spending any time with him. Then again, it’s nice to see honored Khwofheîlya and honored Tàltiin all on their best behavior. Usually they’re trying to make him mend the posts and fix the gapes in the walls, but today they’re just letting him be, and I like that, this way I can just spend time with him.
Right now I’m lying on the couch in my room and writing, and Puey is rubbing my wings. Mother chanted that there was a type of jitlhèrqho star and dream dust that would keep my muscles from hurting so much, and she has gathered a few fleecy jitlherqhoxhráthan clouds of dream star and dream dust. I am not quite sure where she found it, she could have gone anywhere and at anytime, for all that I care, but when she returned with a basket of the dust and tried to start rubbing my wings I couldn’t help but kick her away. Mother put the basket of dust into Puey’s hands, and she disappeared. I hope she just stays away. I like it when Puey rubs my wings. His hands are very gentle, I just know he’ll never be cross with me and slap me in the face. I guess he’s just had a lot of experience with his Sisters and in taking care of the various ducklings and wounded plantimals and butterflies on his plantation.
So, now I’m going to write about some of the most fantastic aspects of language. Later on I’ll get Karuláta to copy these pages from my qeû sourcebook. I don’t mind when Puey reads from my notebooks, although he always asks, but I don’t like it when his Sisters grab my ledgers and run into the fields and read aloud and scream and laugh at the pages where I’ve written Puey’s name entwined with mine and written about our kisses. So right now I shall talk about xhlèmi the parts of speech of Babel, it’s participial structure.

From what I’ve gathered from the scholars of old, it was believed that formally Babel had no parts of speech. Perosnal Pronouns and Relative Pronouns were considered subsets of Participles, and Affixes were all considered the same for all, even though they may chance to have differing forms. For instance a participle may use the prefix Qir+ and a personal pronoun the suffix –qi and a relative pronoun the suffix –qoas but, they all have similar meanings. The scholars were always a little perplexed as to what exactly a participle is, for a participle has qualities of being substantive and yet it can also have an aspect in time, it can be used as a predicate but also has a subject. This causes all sorts of problems for me as I try to figure out how to gloss terms in my lexicon. Qúra means viceroy kings, or really being viceroy kings who represent the Emperor, but sometimes in the predicate position I would really think of it as, ruling as regent kings o'er someone or something. For instance the following sentences demonates all three uses of Qúra.


Qúra Puîyus Xúyèlkhim.
That is the regent king Puîyus.
Qúra Puîyus.
Puîyus is a viceroy king.
Jhentaqúra Puîyus.
Puîyus is our viceroy king;
Puîyus rules as regent king o'er us.

Sometimes when one thinks of the meaning of a word one tends to think more of the action inherent in it rather than the substance. This is of course a fallacy for a participle quite equally refers unto both of them. If we think about some of the words that I included in our sample vocabulary above, one can see that many of them refer unto a something who is engaged in doing or being or acting upon something else. Jhkhuyéri, those who love someone or something, and Kùxha, those who kiss someone or something, and Qraû, qrauyelónge means those who teach a skill, and Tuîn, tuînamat means those hwo give someone or something unto friends of clan, and Xhórn, xhùrnamat means those who eat someone or something. It is quite easy to see that participles are dualistic in nature, they are a marriage of something concrete, a person or thing, and an action or a state of being. One can easily make these into agentives with the suffix -aongi, and so say Jhkhuyériyaôngi for lovers and Kuxhayaôngi, kissers and Qrauyaôngi, teachers and Tuinaôngi, givers unto their friends and clan, and Xhórnaôngi, for eaters. I have chosen a very simple gloss, Those who are or do something to be a short hand for, People who are or do something, or Things which are or do something, or Agents of being or doing something. And the part of the lexicon that I define as (someone/something) is the place where one can add a construct phrases or a direct object. This is all an imperfect convention, but I think we need to have some consistency in defining our terms.

Because of this participial structure, direct objects of omnivolitional clauses are objective genitives:

Tuînamat óqlayòlkha Puîyus.
Puîyus is a giver of flowers to friends of clan;
Puîyus gives flowers to friends or clan.

Khneuqrauyelónge púxhmi xúyàlyir.
You are my teacher;
You teach something to me.

I think that there is vast and wild territory in the realm of xhlèmi parts of speech which I have not yet begun to explore, the wonders of the dreamlands of substances and abstractions and qualities, of action and movement and types of being, or description and relation and part and whole and time and manner. In the jìfhyei lexicon that I am putting together there are a great many participles which I am defining as those who are or do (someone/something), and such participles are transitive or distransitive and may take an object in the appropriate case. Every participle, however, is able to be followed by another participle or personal pronoun in the construct case, and such are considered objective genitives. But the difference between a true object and an objective genitive is I think very slight.

Qúra jit, that is, Regent king of me, my viceroy king
Khmír jit, which is, Lover of me, loves me

Many transitive and ditransitive participles, however, simply take objects to complete the meaning of the sét sentence. The following are examples of the construct case:

Xhwopaingakh qúra xhroe.
I am emphatically a viceroy king.
Xhméri qúra xhroe pú.
I am almost a regent king.
Xhnìxhme qúra xhroe pú.
I am about to be a viceroy king.
Xhnípe qúra xhroe pú.
I am being a regent king.

The ancient grammarians might have been correct, that there is but one part of speech. However, I think that for the purpose of my teaching of Puey that I shall conceive of Babel as having four parts of speech, the Participle, the Personal Pronoun, the Relative Pronoun, and the Affix. The reason for this is that there are consist names for these four types of words, and so I shall have to simply the least amount of material just to use those terms. Second, although personal pronouns and relative pronouns are truly subsets of participles, they are words which cannot admit new members to their family, and their declension is far smaller than that of participles. It may be a little strange to think of affixes as their own part of speech, but they do dance about throughout the sentence, and they are the anchor and muscle and wing of a sentence and hold together the various pieces. Personal pronouns are such as as, I, you, he, one, no one, and they take many of the same inflexions that participles use, such as classifiers and negatives. Twòsu are relative pronouns and they answer who, whom, what, or where something happens, plus they can ask questions such as, Who? Whom? What? Where? Fhtóte affixes carry much of the grammatical structure of Language upon their wings, plus they undertake some basic verbal and adjectival duties. Participles in Babel are the actually vocabulary of the language and correspond to a large number of different types of words, which I’m calling count substance, mass substance, proper name, intransitive action, transitive action, ditransitive action, stative action adjective, and adverbs. Those are just ways of thinking about all of the ways that participles can be used. In Babel any participle may be used as the subject in the appropriate case, as the predicate in the experiencer case, in the vocative case, in the construct case, in the ingeminate case, in the locative case, and in unmarked relative clauses which are also in the experiencer case. In other words, the Babel participle is sementicaly non-restrictive. The following chart illustrates the vast diversity of usages that Babel participles have and the complexities in translating them into the purrs and mews of the language of beasts.


Subject in Þe Experiencer Case
Predicate in Þe Experiencer Case
Vocativë Case
Construct Case
Ingeminate Case
Locativë
Case
Unmarked Relativë clauses in
Þe
Experiencer Case
Count Substance:
Qiêl ‘hills’
Wtsàtim qiêl.
Þe hill is green.
Qiêl teixing.
‘Tis a hill.
Xá qiêl!
Oh hills!
Jaê qielàxhmikh pú.
I see Þe hills.
Jaê jáyùlkha qiêl pfhu pú.
I see Þe lands Þæt are hills.
Í qir qiêl pú.
I wended onto Þe hill.
Oâ qiêl teixing.
That Þe place that’s a hill.
Maß Substance:
Ptàjho ‘psand’
Wtsàtim ptàjho.
Þe psand is green.
Ptàjho teixing.
‘Tis psand.
Xá ptàjho!
Oh psand!
Jaê ptajhoyàxhmikh pú.
I see some psand.
Jaê khmérnùlkha ptàjho pfhu pú.
I see something that’s psand.
Í qir ptàjho pú.
I wended onto Þe psand.
Khmérnt ptàjho teixing.
That’s Þe thing that’s some psand.
Proper Name:
Puîye ‘Puey’
Wtsàtim Puîye.
Puey is green.
Puîye teixing.
‘Tis Puey.
Xá Puîye!
Oh Puey!
Jaê Puiyèyejikh pú.
I see Puey.
Jaê qéyejikh Puîye kae pú.
I see Þe one who’s Puey.
Í qir Puîye pú.
I wended onto Puey.
Qé Puîye teixing.
That’s Þe one who’s Puey.
Intransitivë action:
Í ‘goeth’
Wtsàtim í.
Þe one who goeth somewhither is green.
Í teixing.
‘Tis Þe one who goeth somewhither.
Xá’ í!
Oh, you who go somewhither!
Jaê’ íyejikh pú.
I see Þe ones who go somewhither.
Jaê qéyejikh í kae pú.
I see Þe persons who go somewhither.
Xhthènte qir í kú.
They wended onto Þe ones who go somewhither.
Qé’ í teixing.
That’s Þe one who goeth somewhither.
Transitivë action:
Khniêr ‘kißes’
Wtsàtim khniêr.
Þe one who kißes somewhither is green.
Khniêr teixing.
‘Tis Þe one who kißes somewhom.
Xá khniêr!
Oh, those who kiß someone!
Jaê khniêrejikh pú.
I see Þe ones who kiß someone.
Jaê qéyejikhh khniêr kae pú.
I see Þe persons who kiß someone.
Í qir khniêr pú.
I wended onto Þe ones who kiß someone.
Qé khniêr teixing.
That’s Þe one who kißes someone.
Ditransitivë action:
Tlhìkhpe ‘put’
Wtsàtim tlhìkhpen.
Þe one who puts something somewhere is green.
Tlhìkhpen teixing.
‘Tis Þe one who puts something somewhither.
Xá tlhìkhpen!
Oh, you who put something somewhither!
Jaê tlhikhpènejikh pú.
I see Þe one who puts something somewhither.
Jaê qéyejikh tlhìkhpen kae pú.
I see Þe person who puts something somewhither.
Í qir tlhìkhpent pú.
I wended onto Þe one who puts something somewhither.
Qé tlhìkhpen teixing.
That’s Þe one who puts something somewhither.
Stativë action/ adjectivë:
Wtsàt ‘green’
Qiêling wtsàtim.
Þe green thing is a hill.
Wtsàtim ijótlha.
Þe mountain is green.
Xá wtsàtim!
Oh, green one!
Jaê wtsatìmejikh pú.
I see Þe green person.
Jaê qéyejikh wtsàtim kae pú.
I see Þe person who is green.
Í qir wtsàtim pú.
I wended onto Þe one who is green.
Thwár wtsàtim teixing.
That’s Þe one who’s green.
Adverb:
Qìfhis ‘never
Wtsát qìfhis.
Those who never do anything are green.
Qìfhis Puîye.
Puey never doth anything.
Xá qìfhis!
Oh, you who never do anything!
Jaê qifhìsejikh pú.
I see Þe one who never doth anything.
Jaê qéyejikh qìfhis kae pú.
I see Þe person who never doth anything.
Í qir qìfhis pú.
I wended onto Þe one who never doth anything.
Qé qìfhis teixing.
That’s Þe one who never doth anywhat.

Yes, that’s how it works out. As illustrated in the chart above, the Babel morphosyntax of the sùkhpat participle does not distinguish among what I am calling count substances, mass substances, proper names, intransitive actions, transitive actions, ditransitive actions, stative action adjectives, and adverbs, because those eight different types of ways of thinking about participles, although quite useful in the chart above for seeing how different structures are put together, are quite alien distinctions to what participles are. It is as if I were dividing up all the world by red, three, and giggles. Those there criteria are not useful in measuring out the worlds. It is true, though, that there are certain constructions which must distinguish between intransitive and stative on the one hand and transitive and ditransitive on the other, and names are slightly irregulary in they can be obligatorily plural or singular. And yet one cannot help but think that sometimes non-restrictive sùkhpet participles certainly do have differing shades of useage, for qiêl clearly denote concrete things, and will tend to be a subject or object or in a locative phrase, while a participle such as qìfhis is more likely to be used as an unmarked relative clause or perhaps in the ingeminate case. Participles such as xhthènteqhe are more often found in the predicate position, and wtsát as an unmarked relative clause in the experiencer case or in the ingeminate case, and khniêr and tlhìkhpe inflected in various voices such as the passive and antipassive, and names such as Puîyus in the vocative case. I suppose that is becase of the semantic taste of the participle. We certainly have predicate phrases and adpostition phrases and temporal phrases, but there are no cases for those. But when I explain all this to Puey, I may have to simply this to aid him in his studying, and perhaps smudge some of the properties of Babel and not tell him all the details.
Speaking of Puey, I’m having trouble staying a wake as he rubs my wings. The dream dust is causing mine eyen to grow quite heavy. I’m so glad that Puey is present. It’s hard to remember all my troubles. Perhaps I’ll get him to read these rough notes that I’m writing and

[bottom of the page is smudged]

Now they’re all making him do chores. I woke up in the middle of the afternoon. I have not felt so warm and rested for a very long time, but when I rolled o'er, in a tangle of papers and papyrus sheets and my notebook, he was gone. At once I jumped to the window and tripped on mine outer feathers. I hate it when I do that, I’ve always prided myself on my balletic abilities, and my love for dance, but now that I have these wings and can’t quite control them, sometimes I just trip upon myself. I’m just glad there’s no one to see this embarrassment, especially not Puey’s Sisters, I feel like dying whenever they see my tumbling down. Mamà keeps saying that in time I will not become more graceful with my wings than any maiden could with just legs and arms, but it will still take years. Look, there he is, down there in the yard. Karuláta is hanging about his neck and almost dragging him down. Honored Khwofheîlya and Grandmother Tàltiin are getting him to plant some new posts and mend the fences. I suppose in a few moments they’ll have him painting a silo or a tower. I guess we could get some slaves to do it, but everyone wants to watch Puey as he works. He’ll be picking up the side of a tower and moving it with his bare hands. I wonder where Mother is. It doesn’t matter. I’ve learned to grow up without her. If she is present, that’s fine, but if not I’m just as well. I have no desire to yearn for a love that I must beg to remain with me.
I wish Puey would just return to me. I know the rest of his family misses him, but they seem to be getting along better without him than I do. There he goes, I just knew that his Mother would have him pick up a tower or so. I suppose in earlier dynasties the Cælestial Crown Princes did not have to swink so, but then again there has never been a Cælestial Crown Prince was strong and wonderous as Puey before.
I’m going to jot down some notes on grammar, and then perhaps I’ll join the group, or perhaps I’ll stay here. I’m still not sure whether I want anyone to see me now. I’m probably going to bind these wings up and hide them. Maybe Puey will return indoors.

Babel Word Order

Babel word order is usually predicate and then subject. The predicate is always in the experiencer case, and the subject may be in the experiencer case or some other case. Objects may come after predicates, and they also come in a variety of cases.

Éfhelìnye wtháyengit.
I am Éfhelinye.
Allegedly, I am Éfhelìnye.

Kùxha qráyingtèyejikh thwárengit.
We kss our own mother;
‘Tis claim’d that we kiss our own mother.

A sentence or clause in Babel in the active voice may consist of:

A predicate
A predicate ond subject
A predicate ond object
A predicate ond object ond subject

Locative and vocative phrases may be placed before the predicate and before and after the subject. They may not interrupt the predicate and object phrase. Apposition relative clauses may follow the predicate and the subject. The ingeminate case is used to modify the object in either the construct case or the absolutive case.

A sentence or clause may consist of a predicate without subjects or objects when the predicate is in the irrealis mood:

Koaselóngeyétyai!
Love!
Khnierétyai!
Kiss!
Qyèkhen khrúju!
Strike!

One may compare these to the sùnta, that is, the abrupt forms of the irrealis mood:

Koaselóngè!
Khniêr!
Qyekhèn!

Locative and vocative phrases may be placed before or after the predicate experiencer:

Xhnir qiêl koaselóngeyétyai!
Love near the hills!
Khnierétyai tsena qir stélar!
Kiß someone in Þe vicinity of Þe princess!
Qyèkhen khrúju lwánolexhyeûxing!
Strike in Þe palace!

Unmarked relative clauses may modify the predicate experiencer:

Koaselóngeyétyai qìfhis!
Qìfhis koaselóngeyétyai!
Never love!
Khnierétyai tlhatlhìjhyot!
Tlhatlhìjhyot khnierétyai!
Be kissing someone!
Qyèkhen khrúju qhéru!
Qhéru qyèkhen khrúju!
Strike whilst you dance!

I’ve used these words: Tlhatlhìjhya, tlhatlhìjhyot, those who are bad, unexceptible, unfinished, quaad, and Qhéru, those who dance, who perform ballet.

Moreover there are several constructions which formerly lack a subject. These consist of the Habeo construction as well as several constructions involving just a predicate and a form of the locative case:

Óqla púqi.
I have flowren.
Óqla xhmir lwàngpeja.
Þe peasant has flowren.
Stélaring Puiyusàswaor.
Puîyus hath a princess.
Soîrxhlaxing tsena xhmir jakhtàqta.
Þe warrior has a large knife.

Óqla púyantar.
In Þe presence of mee are flowren.
Óqla lwangpejayèntir.
Þe flowren belong to Þe peasant.
Stélaring Puiyusèthya.
Þe princess is like Puîyus.
Soîrxhla jakhtaqtàyuqei.
Þe large knives are among Þe warriors.

Yes, my Puey, the above sentences formerly lack a subject and simply consist of a predicate experiencer plus a form of the locative case. Vocatives may freely be plac’d in such sentence sor clauses, that is, they may be placed before or after the predicate, or before and after the locative complement.

AîPuîye’ óqla púqi.
Oh Puey, I have flowren.
Óqla xá tsenatheupíya xhmir lwàngpeja.
Þe peasant, oh maiden, hath flowren.
Stélaring Puiyusàswaor xá Fhóngo.
Puîyus hath a princess, oh Æons.
Soîrxhlaxing tsena xhmir jakhtàqta xaôQírenatàxhwa.
Þe warrior has a large pnife, oh thrice honored Emperor.

AîPuîye’ óqla púyantar.
Oh Puey, in Þe presence of me are flowren.
Óqla xá tsenatheupíya lwangpejayèntir.
Þe flowren, oh maiden, belongen to Þe peasant.
Stélaring Puiyusèthya xá Fhóngo.
Þe princess is like Puîyus, oh Æons.
Soîrxhla jakhtaqtàyuqei xaôQírenatàxhwa.
Þe large knives are among Þe warriors, oh thrice honored Emperor.

The sentences above thus consist of a predicate experiencer, a vocative, and a locative complement. It is possible to keep adding more vocatives and locatives to such clauses. The locatives, especially, must be understood with some ense. Multiple locatives in Babel are subject to anaphora, that is, there can be an understood aqhus or xhnoe among them which does not have to be chanted.

Óqla tsena qir qielèlkhum púqi.
I have flowren on yon hill.
Óqla xhmir lwàngpeja’ ijótlhayaîtlhoxing.
Þe peasant has flowren on top of Þe mountain.
Stélaring Puiyusàswaor Qírenàtejen.
Puîyus hath a princess because of Þe cælestial Emperor.
Soîrxhlaxing qlínùjhwa tsena xhmir jakhtàqta.
Þe warrior has a large pnife from Þe beautiful woman.

Khlíjoyiêqya’ óqla púyantar.
In Þe presence of me are flowren o'er Þe scurrying rocks.
In Þe presence of me are flower which are o'er Þe scurrying rocks.
Óqla fhrokayantarùngpos lwangpejayèntir.
Þe flowren near Þe old men belong to Þe peasant
Þe flowren are near Þe old men ond belong to Þe peasant.
Stélaring xhrir Khniîkha Puiyusèthya.
Þe princess of Khniîkha is like unto Puîyus.
Þe princess is from Khniîkha, ond shee is like unto Puîyus.
Soîrxhla jakhtaqtàyuqei xhnir jhwíjo.
Þe large knives are among Þe warriors that belong to Þe moons.
Þe large knives are mong Þe warriors, ond they belong to Þe moons.

Khlàtyekh, that is, postjectives, may also be added to such clauses or sentences. Unmarked relative clauses receive a single locative marker. That is, if I were to say qír óqla and wish to add qir khelènatha after it, I would just say qir óqla khelènatha, in the red flowers. Óqlàyaloi and khelenathàyaloi become óqla khelenathàyaloi Personal pronouns do not take apposition relative clauses, but rather relative pronouns in order to be modified.

Óqla khelènatha púqi.
I have red flowren.
Óqla xhmir lwàngpeja xhmárot.
Þe mighty peasant hath flowren.
Stélaring Puîyus uxháxhayàswaor.
Purple Puîyus hath a princess.
Soîrxhla sqánamen tsena xhmir jakhtàqta.
Þe warrior has a large pnife which is permanence.

Óqla púyantar per tyaqája.
In Þe presence of me, who am a slave, are flowren.
Óqla lwàngpeja thothoasèntir.
Þe flowren belong to Þe thinking peasant.
Stélaring Puîyus xhuxurlèthya.
Þe princess is like unto one honoring Puîyus.
Soîrxhla jakhtaqta xhmiîyuqei.
Þe large knives are among Þe chanting warriors.

The various forms of the locative case are highly idiomatic. Two of the most highly idiomatic forms of this case are with the particles xhnir+ and tlhir+. Xhnir+ is used with a great many modals to form double subjects such as in the following:

Khniêr tsenastélàrejikh khìthyu xhnir Puîyus.
Puîyus can kiß Þe princess.
Khniêr tsenastélàrejikh khlèjhi xhnir Puîyus.
Puîyus is permitted to kiß Þe princess.
Khniêr tsenastélàrejikh tetlhíjhot xhnir Puîyus.
‘Tis good that Puîyus kiß Þe princess.
Khniêr tsenastélàrejikh tíja xhnir Puîyus.
Puîyus loves to kiß Þe princess.

In the above examples you can see the constructions” Khìthyu xhnir X for X can, is able to do …, and Khlèjhi xhnir X, for X may, is permitted to …, and Tetlhíjhot xhnir X, for ’tis good that X …, and Tìja xhnir X, for X loves to …

The particle Tlhir+ is also used with a variety of phrases such as for wearing clothing and for having a name:

Puîyos Íngikhmàrjem khnànxhi tlhir jakhtàqtaxing.
Þe warrior’s name is Puîyos Son of Íngìkhmar.
Kìkhes Puîyos Íngikhmàrjem tlhir jakhtàqtaxing Íngìkhmar.
Íngìkhmar names Þe warrior ‘Puîyos Son of Íngìkhmar.’
Tèfhwor tlhir Íngìkhmar.
Íngìkhmar wears a dreamcape.
Khelènatha tèfhwor tlhir Íngìkhmar.
Þe dreamcape that Íngìkhmar wears is red.

So you can see these constructions: Tèfhwo, tèfhwor tlhir X for dreamcapes that X wears; X wears dreamcapes, and Khnànxhi tlhir X for names of X and Kìkhes X tlhir Y Z, for Z names Y X.

The particle Tlhir+ however can also be used for various phrases for enduring and dreeing something:

Khniêr tsenastélàrejikh kàlot tlhir Puîyus.
Puîyus is reluctant to kiß Þe princess.
Khniêr tsenastélàrejikh eiyuláriya tlhir Puîyus.
Puîyus is euphorick to kiß Þe princess.
Khniêr tsenastélàrejikh jokhtònthe tlhir Puîyus.
Puîyus is sad to kiß Þe princess.

In the above sentences I have underlined the compound subjects. The compound Tlhir+ subjects are unique in that they themselves can form complete subjectless sentences. Consider the following, oh my love.

Kàlot tlhir Puîyus.
Puîyus is cold.
Eiyuláriya tlhir Puîyus.
Puîyus is hopeful.
Jokhtònthe tlhir Puîyus.
Puîyus rues.

Do you remember those from above? Kàlot tlhir Puîyus by itself means, Puîyus is cold, but when it is the subject of a sentence it means, Puîyus is reluctant to do or be something. So Khniêr tsenastélàrejikh kàlot tlhir Puîyus, means, Puîyus is reluctant to kiss the princess. I have no idea why that may be the case, unless it is some other Princess who am not I, wherein case you may kiss her hand or brow and that’s it, and even then just to be polite.

Certain idiomatic Tlhir+ phrases are another version of clauses or sentences that completely lack a subject.

Tùntot tlhir Puîyus.
Puîyus is happy ond whimsicoracal.
Qyikheîtha tlhir Puîyus.
Puîyus is afraid ond amazed.
Fhaô tlhir Puîyus.
Puîyus is hot.

Unlike other forms of a predicate followed by a form of the locative case, in idiomataic Tlhir+ phrases, the Tlhir+ locative cannot be moved before the subject. The following are ungrammatical:

Tlhir Puiyus tuntot.
Tlhir Puiyus qyikheitha.
Tlhir Puiyus fhao.

However, like most other clauses and sentences, vocatives and locatives may be freely placed before or after the predicate and before and after the Tlhir+ phrases as in the following:

Qir qiêl kàlot tlhir Puîyus.
Puîyus is cold on Þe hills.
Eiyuláriya xhajhyakhnaolèxhyeu tlhir Puîyus.
Puîyus is hopeful in many places.
Jokhtònthe tlhir Puîyus xhnir jhwíjo.
Puîyus rues near Þe moons.
Tùntot tlhir Puîyus khnujóloîyejen.
Puîyus is happy ond whimsicoracal because of Þe jewels.
Qyikheîtha khyeqhiiràthyinging tlhir Puîyus.
Puîyus is afraid ond amazed in front of Þe dragon.
Eilèthya fhaô tlhir Puîyus.
Puîyus is hot like Þe Sun.

Moreover, unmarked relative clauses may be applied unto the predicate experiencer and to the Tlhir+ locative according to the normal rules of the locative case:

Kàlot khníjur tlhir Puîyus.
Puîyus is cold ond singing.
Eiyuláriya qí tlhir Puîyus.
Puîyus is recentwise hopeful.
Jokhtònthe qìfhis qìfhis tlhir Puîyus.
Puîyus nevermore rues.
Tùntot tlhir Puîyus khniêr.
Kißing Puîyus is happy ond whimsicoracal.
Qyikheîtha tlhir Puîyus xhùxurl.
Puîyus, who is honoring someone, is afraid ond amazed.
Fhaô tlhir Puîyus jhkhér.
Puîyus as hee protects someone, yzzz hot.

And so in the sentences above you can see the words Kàlot, those who are cold, and the construction Kàlot tlhir X, X is cold; X is reluctant to …, and Eiyuláriya, hope, euphoria, joy, transcendence, ecstasy, beautitude, transport, and Eiyuláriya tlhir X, X is hopeful, euphorick, overjoyed; X is overjoyed to …, and Jòkhto, jokhtònthe, those who cry, weep, lament, rue, bewail, and Jokhtònthe tlhir X, X cries, weeps, laments, rues; X is sad to …_, and Tùnte, tùntot, those who are happy, content, whimsical, whimsicoracal, and Tùntot tlhir X, X is happy, content whimsicoracal; X is happy to, whimsical, whimsicorcal to …, and Qyikheîtha fear, amazement, and Qyikheîtha tlhir X, X is afraid, amazed; X is afraid to …, and Fhaô, those who are hot, and Fhaô tlhir X, X is hot; X is eager to …

Are they still making Puey work? Yes, it sure looks like it. We can run the plantation fine without making him toil like a field slave. I almost want to go marching right down these ramps and bring him to me, but then I’d be forced to confront Fhermáta and Siêthiyal and Karuláta and Ixhúja. I just know someone will be laughing at me. Mother could be down there. I’d better stay up her where it’s safe. If anyone tries to touch me wings, though, I’m calling for Puey the loudest that I can.

I shall have to explain to Puey that, oh my goodness they’re still making him work down there. He really should just come inside and rest. He’s been away at battle for so long. But then again, perhaps to him working upon the farm is a form of resting after all those horrors. Anyway, I shall have to explain unto him that the final type of clause or sentence that may consist of a predicate lacking a subject or object is one that begins with a construct and is followed by a predicate, and one that begins with a partitive genitive form of the locative case and is followed by a predicate. Although the constract case and the locative case are quite distinct cases, both of these types of clauses are similar enough to be treated here together.

Lyárùlkha jakhtàqta.
Of Þe future are Þe warriors.
Jaraqtuyùlkha’ óqla.
Of Jaràqtu are Þe flowren.
Xúyejikh tsàtlhis ti.
Of Þe people are those jewels.
Puiyùsejikh soîrxhlaxing.
Puîyus’ is Þe sword.
Qírenàtejikh fhaprokayèlkhuming.
Þe Emperor’s is yon city.

Lyárùtya jakhtàqta.
Þe warriors are some of Þe hopeful ones.
Jaraqtuyùtya’ óqla.
Þe flowren are part of Jaràqtu.
Xúyètyikh tsàtlhis ti.
Those jewels are part of Þe people.
Puiyusètyikh soîrxhlaxing.
Þe sword is part of Þe set of things Puîyus.
Qírenatètyikh fhaprokayèlkhuming.
Yon city is of Þe Emperor.
Twílayòtya jiîxhe.
Þe laughing ones are among Þe birds.
Tyaqájayètyikh újar.
Þe thinkren are among the slaves.

Locatives and vocatives may be placed before or after the construct or the partitive genitive form of the locative case and before or after the predicate experiencer.

Lyárùlkha’ aîPuîyus jakhtàqta.
Of Þe future, oh Puîyus, are Þe warriors.
Jaraqtuyùlkha’ óqla xá tsenastélar
Of Jaràqtu are Þe flowren, oh princess.
Taê khwùnga xúyejikh tsàtlhis ti.
Oh friend, of Þe people are those jewels.
Puiyùsejikh talqantantheyèjhwor soîrxhlaxing.
Puîyus’ is Þe sword below Þe sky cruiser.
Qírenàtejikhh khàra se fhaprokayèlkhuming.
Þe Emperor’s is yon city in Þe sky.
Lyárùtya jakhtàqta xhrir Khniîkha.
Þe warriors of Khniîkha are some of Þe hopeful ones.
Qìr toâ Jaraqtuyùtya’ óqla.
Þe flowren there are part of Jaràqta.
Qìr koâ xúyètyikh tsàtlhis ti.
Those jewels yonder are part of Þe people.
Puiyusètyikhh khmaê qráyìngte soîrxhlaxing.
Þe sword, my loved mother, is part of Þe set of things Puîyus.
Qírenatètyikh fhaprokayèlkhuming xhnir úlaxhei.
Yon city near Þe trees is of Þe Emperor.
Twílayòtya jiîxhe lrúnèxhyeu..
Þe nostalgick laughers are among Þe birds.
Tyaqájayètyikh újar lyárèxhueu.
Þe hopeful thinkren are among those who are slaves.

Now, the construct case can only be modifiedby the ingeminate case. The partitive genitive form of the locative case follows the normal locative rule, that is, that the -etyikh/otya/utya suffix is moved to the last element. Unmarked relative clauses are simply stacked after the experiencer case.

Lyárùlkha fhérm kae jakhtàqta.
Of Þe future ond gazing with wonder are Þe warriors.
Jaraqtuyùlkha xhmàrot pfhu’ óqla.
Of mighty Jaràqtu are Þe flowren.
Xúyejikh thèker kae tsàtlhis ti.
Of Þe leaping people are those jewels.
Puiyùsejikh jakhtàqta kae soîrxhlaxing.
Puîyus Þe warrior’s is Þe sword.
Qírenàtejikh fhròkaot kae fhaprokayèlkhuming.
Þe wise Emperor’s is yon city.

Lyár jiixheyùtya jakhtàqta.
Þe warriors are some of Þe hopeful ond laughing ones.
Jaràqtu’ ixhúxhayùtya’ óqla.
Þe flowren are part of green Jaràqta.
Xú thekerètyikh tsàtlhis ti.
Tho jewels are part of Þe leaping people.
Puîyus jakhtaqtayètyikh soîrxhlaxing.
Þe sword is part of Þe set of things of Puîyus Þe warrior.
Qírenat khmír wtsuyotètyikh fhaprokayèlkhuming.
Yon city is of Þe Emperor loving ond great.
Twíla’ axhúxhayòtya jiîxhe.
Þe laughing volk are among Þe purple birds.
Tyaqája jhkhérètyikh újar.
Þe thinkren are among those who are protecting slaves.

In conclusion some traditional grammarians believe that clauses and sentences such as the above which consist of a predicate with or without a form of the locative case or a construct are in reality clauses that lack a formal subject or object rather than a simple subset of predicate forms. One reason for this is that predicates of the Habeo construction, a predicate with other forms of the locative case, the Tlhir+ construction, and a clause that has a construct or a partitive genitive before the predicate can only be expressed in the active voice. The constructions that take objects may express volitionality with the ergative case or with the instrumental form of the locative case, and they may be palced in the other four voices. The following are a few examples of constructions that are not expressed in other voices or with ergative methods to express volitionality.

Óqla púqi. I have flowren.
Óqla xhmir lwàngpeja. Þe peasant th flowren.
Stélaring Puiyusàswaor. Puîyus hath a princess.
Soîrxhlaxing tsena xhmir jakhtàqta. Þe warrior has a large pnife.
Kàlot tlhir Puîyus. Puîyus is cold.
Eiyuláriya tlhir Puîyus. Puîyus is hopeful.
Jokhtònthe tlhir Puîyus. Puîyus rues.
Lyárùlkha jakhtàqta. Of Þe future are Þe warriors.
Jaraqtuyùlkha’ óqla. Of Jaràqtu are Þe flowren.
Xúyejikh tsàtlhis ti. Of Þe people are those jewels.
Lyárùtya jakhtàqta. Þe warriors are some of Þe hopeful ones.
Jaraqtuyùtya’ óqla. Þe flower are part of Jaràqtu.
Xúyètyikh tsàtlhis ti. Those jewels are part of Þe people.

How much longer is Puey going to have to work down there?
Okay, now this is where sentence construction gets quite fun. Puey is going to like this. A sentence or clause in the active voice may consist of a predicate and a subject. The subject may be in the experience case for omnivoliciounal clause:

Koaselónge lwangpejayoâqe.
Þe peasant loves.
Khniêr Puiyusoâqe.
Puîyus kißes.
Qyèkhen jakhtaqtayoâqexing.
Þe warrior strikes.

Natheless, the subject may be in the absolutive case in an omnivolitional sentence or clause only when there is no object.

Koaselónge lwàngpeja.
Koaselónge lwangpejayùpwar.
Þe peasant loves.
Khniêr Puîyus.
Khniêr Puiyusùpwar.
Puîyus kißes.
Qyèkhen jakhtàqtaxing.
Qyèkhen jakhtaqtayùpwar.
Þe warrior strikes.

This is very useful, because it allows one to vary the rhythm of a clause or sentence and to use the suffix –upwar for singular and –ojhwa for plural, rather than always to rely on a few repitious forms.

The subject may be in the vocative case when the predicate is in the irrealis mood.

Koaselóngeyétyai’ aîlwàngpeja!
Oh peasant, love!
Khnierétyai xá Puîyus!
Puîyus, kiß!
Qyèkhen khrúju taê tsenajakhtàqta!
Strike, oh warrior!

The subject may be in the ergative case for a volitional clause or sentence.

Koaselónge lwangpèjayan.
Þe warrior loves on purpose.
Khniêr Puîyusan.
Puîyus kißed and meant to.
Qyèkhen tsenajakhtàqtayan.
Þe warrior set out to strike ond struck.

The subject may be in the ‘instrumental’ form of the locative case to express non-volitionality.

Koaselónge xhlir lwàngpeja.
Þe peasant loves by accident.
Khniêr Puiyùsepakh.
Puîyus did not mean to kiß someone.
Qyèkhen jakhtàqta sae xing.
Þe warrior struck someone but by accident.

The subject may be in the ‘dative’ form of the locative case with certain participles of sensation.

Qlèti xhmir lwàngpeja.
Þe peasant is cold.
Thixhríqa Puiyusàswaor.
Puîyus is cold.
Lwùpung jakhtàqta pae xing.
Þe warrior is cold.

In the above sentences I’ve used qlèti and thixhríqa which both mean those who are cold, but lwùpung just means the cold, but in this particular construction can mean being cold.

Now, the subject may be in the ‘instrumental’ form of the locative case for certain participles of perception.

Qheûxha xhlir lwàngpeja.
Þe peasant tastes something.
Pyàpyaxha Puiyusèpakh.
Puîyus hears something.
Twìtwim jakhtàqta sae xing.
Þe warrior sees something.

And in the above sentences I have used the words Qheûxha, those who taste, choose (someone/something) and Pyàxha, pyàpyaxha, those who hear (someone/something), and Twiîm, twìtwim, those who see (someone/something).

Finally a clause or sentence may consist of a modal subject plus a Tlhir+ or Xhnir+ clause. The modal may be in the experiencer case, ergative case, or in an ‘instrumental’ form of the locative depending upon the volitionality of the clause.

Koaselónge khyámu tlhir lwàngpeja.
Þe peasant laments loving someone.
Khniêr xóng xhnir Puîyus.
Because of romantick love, Puîyus kißes someone.
Qyèkhen khyámu tlhir jakhtàqtaxing.
Þe warrior laments striking someone.

Koaselónge khyámuyan tlhir lwàngpeja.
Þe peasant laments loving someone on purpose.
Khniêr xóngan xhnir Puîyus.
Because of romantick love, Puîyus kißes someone ond meant to do it.
Qyèkhen khyámuyan tlhir jakhtàqtaxing.
Þe warrior laments striking someone not by accident.

Koaselónge xhlir khyámu tlhir lwàngpeja.
Þe peasant laments loving somone by accident.
Khniêr xóngepakh xhnir Puîyus.
Because of romantick love, Puîyus kißes someone but did not mean to.
Qyèkhen khyámu ser tlhir jakhtàqtaxing.
Þe warrior laments striking someone but not on purpose.

In the examples above, we have the modal form Khyámu tlhir X, that is, X laments; X laments to …, and it comes from the participle khyámu, which is lamentations, cries of woe; those who lament, rue, bewail (someone/something), plus we have the construction Xóng xhnir X, that is Because of romantick love, X … which comes of Xóng, a participle meaning, romantic love, courtly love, fin amour.

Locatives and vocatives may be placed before or after the predicate experiencer and before and after the subject, no matter what its case may be. They do not interrupt modal phrases, nonetheless, and one does not move subject in the locative case in the same way that one may freely move other locative or vocative expressions.

Koaselónge qir qiêling lwangpejayoâqe.
Þe peasant loves on Þe hill.
Khniêr ijótlhàyufhar Puiyusoâqe.
Puîyus kißes below Þe whhhispering mountains.
Qyèkhen qíriniileyàthyinging jakhtaqtayoâqexing.
Þe warrior strikes in front of Þe queen.

Koaselónge lwàngpeja tyaqájayàntar.
Koaselónge lwangpejayùpwar tyaqájayàntar.
Þe peasant loves close to Þe slaves.
Khniêr Puîyus talqantantheyèjhwor.
Khniêr Puiyusùpwar talqantantheyèjhwor.
Puîyus kißes below Þe sky cruiser.
Qyèkhen jakhtàqtaxing twailílayaîtlhui.
Qyèkhen jakhtaqtayùpwar twailílayaîtlhui.
Þe warrior strikes because of Þe bird.

Koaselóngeyétyai’ aîlwàngpeja tyaqájayàntar!
Oh peasant, love close to Þe slaves!
Talqantantheyèjhwor khnierétyai xá Puîyus!
Puîyus, kiß below Þe sky cruiser!
Qyèkhen khrúju twailílayaîtlhui taê tsenajakhtàqta!
Strike, oh warrior, because of Þe bird!

Koaselónge qir qiêling lwangpèjayan.
Þe warrior loves on purpose on Þe hill.
Khniêr ijótlhàyufhar Puîyusan.
Puîyus kißed ond meant to below Þe whispering mountains.
Qyèkhen qíriniileyàthyinging tsenajakhtàqtayan.
Þe warrior set out to strike ond struck in front of Þe queen.

Koaselónge qir qiêling xhlir lwàngpeja.
Þe peasant loves by accident on Þe hill.
Khniêr ijótlhàyufhar Puiyùsepakh.
Puîyus did not mean to kiß someone below Þe whispering mountains.
Qyèkhen qíriniileyàthyinging jakhtàqta sae xing.
Þe warrior struck someone but by accident in front of Þe queen.

However, Puey my love, note that although locative phrases may be freely placed in sentences, locatives as subjects may not. The following are all correct sentences:

Wthárloâtlha khniêr Puiyùsepakh.
Khniêr wthárloâtlha Puiyùsepakh.
Khniêr Puiyùsepakh wthárloâtlha.
Puîyus did not mean to kiß someone above Þe rivren.

But the locative phrase Puiyùsepakh must remain in the subject position, that is, after the predicate. The following are ungrammatical utterances:

Puiyusepakh wthárloatlha khnier.
Wthárloatlha Puiyusepakh khniêr.

But here are some nice fun sentences that just trip off of one’s tounge:

Qir qiêling qlèti xhmir lwàngpeja.
Þe peasant is cold on Þe hills.
Thixhríqa’ ijótlhàyufhar Puiyusàswaor.
Puîyus is cold below Þe whispering mountains.
Lwùpung jakhtàqta pae xing qíriniileyàthyinging.
Þe warrior is cold in front of Þe queen.

Qheûxha xhlir lwàngpeja qir qiêling.
Þe peasant tastes something on Þe hills.
Pyàpyaxha’ ijótlhàyufhar Puiyusèpakh.
Puîyus hears something below Þe whispering mountains.
Qíriniileyàthyinging twìtwim jakhtàqta sae xing.
Þe warrior sees something in front of Þe queen.

Tyaqájayàntar koaselónge khyámu tlhir lwàngpeja.
Þe peasant laments loving someone close to Þe slaves.
Khniêr tyaqájayàntar xóng xhnir Puîyus.
Because of romantick love, Puîyus kißes someone close to Þe slaves.
Qyèkhen khyámu tlhir jakhtàqtaxing tyaqájayàntar.
Þe warrior laments striking someone close to Þe slaves.

Koaselónge khyámuyan tlhir lwàngpeja talqantantheyèjhwor.
Þe peasant laments loving someone on purpose below Þe sky cruisren.
Khniêr talqantantheyèjhwor xóngan xhnir Puîyus.
Because of romantick love, Puîyus kißes someone ond meant to do it below Þe sky cruisren.
Talqantantheyèjhwor qyèkhen khyámuyan tlhir jakhtàqtaxing.
Þe warrior laments striking someone not by accident below Þe skycruisren.

Twailílayaîtlhui koaselónge xhlir khyámu tlhir lwàngpeja.
Þe peasant laments loving someone by accident because of Þe bird.
Khniêr twailílayaîtlhui xóngepakh xhnir Puîyus.
Because of romantick love, Puîyus kißes someone because of Þe bird but did not mean to.
Qyèkhen khyámu ser tlhir jakhtàqtaxing twailílayaîtlhui.
Þe warrior laments striking someone because of Þe bird but not on purpueypose.

Unmarked relative clauses may with free mind be added in such clauses according to the normal rules of how unmarked relative clauses are added to the experiencer case, the vocative case, the absolutive and ergative and locative cases.

Koaselónge jijíxhe qir qiêling lwangpejayoâqe.
Þe peasant loves ond laughs on Þe hill.
Khniêr ijótlha khelenathàyufhar Puiyusoâqe.
Puîyus kißes below Þe red ond whispering mountains.
Qyèkhen qíriniîle kuxhayàthyinging jakhtaqtayoâqexing.
Þe warrior strikes in front of Þe kißing queen.

Koaselónge jijíxhe lwangpejayùpwar tyaqájayàntar.
Þe peasant loves ond laughs close to Þe slaves.
Khniêr qìfhis Puiyusùpwar talqantantheyèjhwor.
Puîyus never kißes below Þe sky cruiser.
Qyèkhen tlhìjhweqhe jakhtaqtayùpwar twailílayaîtlhui.
Þe warrior strikes ond falls because of Þe bird.

Koaselóngeyétyai’ aîlwàngpeja tyaqája jiixheyàntar!
Oh peasant, love close to Þe laughing slaves!
Talqantànthe khelenathayèjhwor khnierétyai xá Puîyus!
Puîyus, kiß below Þe red sky cruiser!
Qyèkhen khrúju twailíla kuxhayaîtlhui taê tsenajakhtàqta!
Strike, oh warrior, because of Þe kißing bird!

Koaselónge qí qir qiêling lwangpèjayan.
Þe warrior recentwise loves on purpose on Þe hill.
Khniêr thèker ijótlhàyufhar Puîyusan.
Puîyus kißed ond jumped about ond meant to below Þe whispering mountains.
Qyèkhen xhmiîyeqhe qíriniileyàthyinging tsenajakhtàqtayan.
Þe warrior set out to strike ond talk ond struck ond talked in front of Þe queen.

Koaselónge qí qir qiêling xhlir lwàngpeja.
Þe peasant recentwise loves by accident on Þe hill.
Khniêr thèker ijótlhàyufhar Puiyùsepakh.
Puîyus did not mean to kiß someone ond leap about below Þe whispering mountains.
Qyèkhen xhmiyeqhe qíriniileyàthyinging jakhtàqta sae xing.
Þe warrior struck someone ond spoke by accident in front of Þe queen.
Wthárloâtlha khniêr Puîyus axhúxhàyepakh.
Purple Puîyus did not mean to kiß someone above Þe rivren.

Qir qiêling qlèti qìfhis xhmir lwàngpeja.
Þe peasant is never cold on Þe hills.
Thixhríqa’ ijótlha sqakhànufhar Puiyusàswaor.
Puîyus is cold below Þe whispering mountains that are stone.
Lwùpung jakhtàqta xhùxurl pae qíriniileyàthyinging.
Þe honoring warrior is cold in front of Þe queen.

Qheûxha qìfhis xhlir lwàngpeja qir qiêling.
Þe peasant never tastes something on Þe hills.
Pyàpyaxha’ ijótlha sqakhànufhar Puiyusèpakh.
Puîyus hears something below Þe whispering mountains of stone.
Qíriniileyàthyinging twìtwim jakhtàqta xhùxurl sae.
Þe honoring warrior sees something in front of Þe queen.

Tyaqájayàntar qí koaselónge khyámu tlhir lwàngpeja.
Þe peasant recentwise laments loving someone close to Þe slaves.
Khniêr qìfhis tyaqájayàntar xóng xhnir Puîyus.
Because of romantick love, Puîyus never kißes someone close to Þe slaves.
Qyèkhen khyámu tlhir jakhtàqta khníjuring tyaqájayàntar.
Þe singing warrior laments striking someone close to Þe slaves.

Koaselónge qí khyámuyan tlhir lwàngpeja talqantantheyèjhwor.
Þe peasant recentwise laments loving someone on purpose below Þe sky cruisren.
Qìfhis khniêr talqantantheyèjhwor xóngan xhnir Puîyus.
Because of romantick love, Puîyus never kißes someone ond meant to do it below Þe sky cruisren.
Talqantantheyèjhwor qyèkhen khyámuyan tlhir jakhtàqta khníjuring.
Þe singing warrior laments striking someone not by accident below Þe skycruisren.

Twailílayaîtlhui koaselónge qí xhlir khyámu tlhir lwàngpeja.
Þe peasant recentwise laments loving someone by accident because of Þe bird.
Khniêr qìfhis twailílayaîtlhui xóngepakh xhnir Puîyus.
Because of romantick love, Puîyus never kißes someone because of Þe bird but did not mean to.
Qyèkhen khyámu ser tlhir jakhtàqta khníjuring twailílayaîtlhui.
Þe singing warrior laments striking someone because of Þe bird but not on purpueypose.

That does it for sentences of a predicate and subject. And look, Puey is still down there working. I thought that surely by now he would be finished. Alas.
A Babel sentence or clause in the active voice may consist of a predicate and an object. A predicate without an object must normally be in the irrealis mood, except for certain abrupt forms. The object may be in either the construct case or in the partitive genitive form of the locative case. The construct case is the normal form for the object, but may also imply an entire object or most of an object or a telick endpoint.

Koaselóngeyétyai tsenastélàrejikh!
Love Þe princess!
Khnierétyai theupíyayèjikhing!
Kiß Þe maiden!
Qyèkhen khrúju twailílayòlkha!
Strike Þe bird!

The partitive genitive form of the locative case is used to denote a portion of an object, some of an object, or any of an object. It may also imply some atelicity. Qún, or telick purpose, like fhwipuyàjhwen, valency, is quite complex and traditional grammarians, if they were even aware of it, tended to ignore it. I’m afraid that almost all that I shall have to write about both telicity and valence will have to come from mine own observations rather than the instructions of the Wise. I still don’t fully understand it, but I know it well enough to be able to write some simple instructions on the subject.

Koaselóngeyétyai stélarètyikh!
Love some of Þe princesses!
Khnierétyai theupíyayètyikh!
Kiß any of Þe maidens!
Qyèkhen khrúju twailílayòtya!
Strike a portion of Þe bird!
Strike Þe bird somewhere!

Partitive genitives are quite common after participles of perception.

Qheûxha khrúju xhónùtya!
Taste of Þe waters!
Taste some of Þe waters!
Taste a portion of Þe waters!
Taste any of Þe waters!
Pyàpyaxha khrúju wthárlùtya!
Hear of Þe rivers!
Hear some of Þe rivers!
Hear a portion of Þe rivers!
Hear any of Þe rivers.
Twitwimétyai sqánamenùtya!
See Þe rock!
See some of Þe rock!
See a portion of Þe rock!
See any of Þe rock!

And one may compare the following:

Lreixematétyai fhairotuyùlkha!
Read Þe book!
Read all of Þe book!
Finish reading Þe book!
Lreixematétyai fhairotuyùtya!
Read some of Þe book!
Be reading Þe book!

Lreixematétyai fhairotuyùlkha!
Lreixematupwarétyai fhairotuyùlkha!
Finish reading Þe book!
Lreixematétyai fhairotuyùtya!
Lreixematupwarétyai fhairotuyùtya!
Be reading Þe book!

A construct object may sometimes imply perfect aspect. A partitive genitive object may sometimes imply an imperfect aspect. One can see here a connection with the -upwar/ojhwa suffixes for the absolutive case.

Lreîxemat fhairotuyùpwar púyan.
I read Þe book on purpose.
Lreîxemat fhrotayòjhwa púyan.
I read Þe books on purpose.

One may represent the connection among simple object, aspect, and the absolutive case as a Great Chain of Telicity. Why, I rather fancy that term. Jhenayùsqruning Tlhusteyaxhmikhàjhwen. The Great Chain of Telicity. I’m going to write that again.

Jhenayùsqruning Tlhusteyaxhmikhàjhwen
The Great Chain of Telicity

Object in Construct Case >
Implied perfect aspect >
Singular Absolutivë case >
Telicity
+ xhroe
+ xhroa
-ejikh
-olkha
-ulkha
-axhmikh
-upwar
-upwart
-upwars
-upwarn
-0
-upwar
Hurray for Telicity!

Tnarjhwèkhmat tsenastélàrejikh Puîyus.
Puîyus painted Þe princess.


Tnarjhwekhmatùpwarn tsenastélàrejikh Puîyus.
Puîyus finished painting Þe princess.

Tnarjhwèkhmat stélarùpwar Puîyusan.
Puîyus painted Þe princess on purpose.

Totality
Finished
End goal
Singularity
Object in Partitivë Genitivë form of Locativë Case >
Implied imperfect aspect >
Plural Absolutivë case >
Atelicity
-etyikh
-otya
-utya
-ojhwa
-ojhwat
-ojhwas
-ojhwan
-0
-ojhwa
Hurray for Atelicity! Hurray! Everyone fly for joy! Hurray!

Tnarjhwèkhmat tsenastélarètyikh Puîyus.
Puîyus painted some of Þe princess.


Tnarjhwekhmatòjhwan tsenastélarètyikh Puîyus.
Puîyus kept painting Þe princess.

Tnarjhwèkhmet stélaròjhwa Puîyusan.
Puîyus painted Þe purpose on purpueypose.

Part, some, any
Unfinished
Not yet reached Þe goal
Plurality


Locative phrases may be placed before the predicate experiencer or after the object. They may not however interrupt the predicate-object complex.

Xhnir qiêl koaselóngeyétyai tsenastélàrejikh!
Love Þe princess near Þe hills!
Khnierétyai theupíyayèjikhing tsena qir stélar!
Kiß Þe maiden in Þe vicinity of Þe princess!
Lwánolexhyeûxing qyèkhen khrúju twailílayòlkha!
Strike Þe bird in Þe palace!

Koaselóngeyétyai stélarètyikh xhnir qiêl!
Love some of Þe princesses near Þe hills!
Tsena qir stélar khnierétyai theupíyayètyikh!
Kiß any of Þe maidens in Þe vicinity of Þe princess!
Qyèkhen khrúju twailílayòtya lwánolexhyeûxing!
Strike a portion of Þe bird in Þe palace!
Strike Þe bird somewhere in Þe palace!

Unmarked relativë clauses may modify Þe predicate experiencer.

Koaselóngeyétyai qìfhis tsenastélàrejikh!
Qìfhis koaselóngeyétyai tsenastélàrejikh!
Never love Þe princess!
Koaselóngeyétyai qìfhis theupíyayètyikh!
Qìfhis koaselóngeyétyai theupíyayètyikh!
Never love some of Þe maidens!
Khnierétyai tlhatlhìjhyot tsenastélàrejikh!
Tlhatlhìjhyot khnierétyai tsenastélàrejikh!
Be kißing Þe princess!
Khnierétyai tlhatlhìjhyot theupíyayètyikh!
Tlhatlhìjhyot khnierétyai theupíyayètyikh!
Be kißing some of maidens!
Qhéru qyèkhen khrúju tsenastélàrejikh!
Qìfhis qyèkhen khrúju tsenastélàrejikh!
Dance ond strike Þe princess!
Never strike Þe princess!
Qhéru qyèkhen khrúju theupíyayètyikh!
Qìfhis qyèkhen khrúju theupíyayètyikh!
Dance ond strike some of Þe maidens!
Never strike some of Þe maidens!

The construct case may be modified by the ingeminate case, and the partitive genitive may take an unmarked relative clause following the normal rules of the locative case.

Koaselóngeyétyai qìfhis tsenastélàrejikh jiîxhe kae!
Qìfhis koaselóngeyétyai tsenastélàrejikh jiîxhe kae!
Mever love Þe laughing princess!
Koaselóngeyétyai qìfhis theupíya lreixeyètyikh!
Qìfhis koaselóngeyétyai theupíya lreixeyètyikh!
Never love some of Þe reading maidens!
Khnierétyai tlhatlhìjhyot tsenastélàrejikh tnarjhwèkhmat kae!
Tlhatlhìjhyot khnierétyai tsenastélàrejikh tnarjhwèkhmat kae!
Be kißing Þe painting princess!
Khnierétyai tlhatlhìjhyot theupíya’ újarètyikh!
Tlhatlhìjhyot khnierétyai theupíya’ újarètyikh!
Be kißing some of thinking maidens!
Qhéru qyèkhen khrúju tsenastélàrejikh úxha kae!
Qìfhis qyèkhen khrúju tsenastélàrejikh úxha kae!
Dance ond strike Þe blue princess!
Never strike Þe blue princess!
Qhéru qyèkhen khrúju theupíya’ úxhayètyikh!
Qìfhis qyèkhen khrúju theupíya’ úxhayètyikh!
Dance ond strike some of Þe blue maidens!
Never strike some of Þe blue maidens!

The final type of clause or sentence in the active voice is that which consisteth of a predicate, an object, and a subject. But I really don’t want to write about that right now. I do look froward to writing about the hierarchy of cases, of telicity and volitionality, but I really can’t stand to be away from Puey too much longer. I think I’m just going to have to chance it. It looks like his Mother has him feeding some of the fainting goats. I’m just going to run down there and staywith him and I don’t care what others may think. Perhaps there’s a way I can bind my wings together. I don’t know. I’m coming downstairs now.