Case System? Caste System?

The Hierarchy of Cases
http://sites.google.com/site/psalmofdreams/Home/introduction-to-babel-grammar/hie

Epistle XLV: The Hierarchy of Cases

Puey,
It was with great interest that I’ve read Fhólus’ latest addition to language. I have read his ideas aloud unto him several times, and he is still sprouting out new and rather strange ideas for words. I do not want to say that any of his or Aîya’s ideas are bizarre, they are just very different to anything that I myself would have invented. Fhólus is good enough to be my scribe this evening, he’s sitting on my lap and holding the quills and paints and I shall tell him what to write. Our plan is quite simple, we’re going to write you a little letter about cases, and then Aîya is going to smuggle it into the room of the war rede so that you can read my letter while pretending to listen to all the boring speeches. So many times before you’ve asked me for some good reading material to help you pass the time, but Grandfather Pátifhar always manages to find any books I try to hide in the council room, but you and I have figured out that he’ll just think that a scroll is just another message brought from throughout the fleet and just leave it alone. So, tonight let’s talk about cases.

Puîyos master Emperor you we have to help me! I didn’t mean to make fun of new Emperor’s castes and now she punishing me by making me paint all these boring words and charts! You have to save me! I promise to serve you for ever if you do! Help!

Fhólus, just paint what I say. No, you don’t have to write that down. Now, you don’t have to write this either. Just start painting when I say now. Now. You didn’t have to write Now. I’m just trying to give you a signal. Stop writing what I’m saying!

But Empress really not for the understanding of

Okay just paint now!

Now?

Yes!

Puîyos Master Emperor, and may we I they add you are favoritest Emperor of them all better than old tyrant white beard and hoarrime head kept us all in servitude and burnt us by the millions in the dawntide really you have to save me had no idea that the Empress so sensitive about her words now she making me paint them out help help help

Fhólus, please pay attention. Now, let’s begin our discussion on the castes of Babel. No, I chanted castes not castes. Fhólus, those are two different words. Castes are divisions in society while castes are divisions in participles, personal pronouns, and relative pronouns.

I we only writing down what you telling me to do!

Let me borrow the quill. Puey, in language a participle inflects to represent the seven cases. These cases for participiles, personal pronouns, and relative pronouns reveal the grammatical function of the clause or subject, for instance they can tell us what the predicate, object, or subject may be, as well as indirect object, location, manner, time, and possessor. These cases are reflected in the morphology of our language. We must however be clear that cases themselves are different to the actual musical role such as agent and action and patient in a clause, these are rather more abstract categories, very semantic ones I suppose, while cases are purely syntactic. The case system, I shall add, is similar to the Caste System of the Empire in that each Caste or Case has a position or a role in a clause and each must work in harmony with the other for a clause or sentence to make sense, and like the Caste System the Cases in Babel form their own hierarchy, and understanding the thwòtsoxing xhiqhilayùlkha, the Hierarchy of Cases is vital for being able to understand sentences and being able to form grammatically correct ones of their own. And yet there are vital differences. Caste comes to us by birth or by leaving our birth caste to become part of the Sylvan Caste, while words freely change cases depending on how they are used in a sentence. I suppose one could say that Cases are like the masques that opera singers wear in the theater, for sometimes the actor while wear a face of rejoicing or of weeping or of annunciation, but it is always the same singer with just a different face to reflect his part in the play. Or I suppose I could say for our Traîkhiim friend here that Cases are like the different steps and kicks and movements in a dance. Each word is permitted to take place in different parts of the dance. And yet a single word cannot take the same part in the dance all the time, otherwise there will be no Predicates and no Objects and no Subjects and nothing will e'er be chanted. And so, in order to dance and sing in Babel, one must first learn the simplest of musical notes, the first skips and kicks of dance.

But Empress holy lady person mother thing you and Puîyos already messed up the entire Caste system by freeing the slaves, in theory because I don’t see a lot of difference here from my point of view view view, and your whole crazy family thing rather messed up the Royal Caste thing thing so does that mean you going to be messing up the Caste system in Babel.

It’s a Case system, xhìqhila, cases, not castes. And Fhólus, Puey and I shall not really have the power of the Emperor and Empress until we’re all grown up, we only have authority. But one day we shall be betrothed and then married, and one day we shall be able to change the Dreamtime. You have to be patient with us. And we’re still very young. Now, let’s talk about cases.

Do I we have to?

Just write down what I say. You don’t have to write down my instructions such as, Just write down what I say. You didn’t have to write down that part. Nevermind.

I just doing what you say.

Why are you writing down your own responses?

Have three heads, and a quill in each jaw. Have to do something.

Let’s talk about cases now. Aîya and I will smuggle in the letter when the priests and old men call for the war rede.

Questions, the questions! Having a questions!

You don’t have to write down what you’re saying also.

Do the thing with your wing.

Pardon?

Do the thing with you the wing.

I’m reading your response as you write it. Please elaborate.

Wha?

Please … oh you can read what I just wrote too. Khrujáxurétyaîyories. Please elaborate.

Khr-já-xu-ré-tyaî-yo-ries?

It means Sèplarn khrúju yories. Please explain.

Why you no say that in the first place?

I just did. Sèplarn is no harder a word than Khrujáxur.

I like Khrujáxur better. It has a click in it. X x x!

Then why did you ask me what it meant?

I just like hearing you talk. Now, please do the thing with you the wing.

Is Aîya around? Perhaps she would make a better qisongestìsqi amanuensis.

Qisongestìsqi?

It means xunínwa.

Why didn’t you just say that in the first place? Like xunínwa better. It have a click at the beginning. X x x!

It means reverand scribe. That means a person who writes. A scribbler. Why is Aîya?

Ah, I think she running errands for Fhèrkifher and Xhnófho. On completely hypothetical notion, if the Pirates were smuggling massive amounts of sugar through the fleet, would that bother you?

If Aîya’s nowhere around, and Great-Uncle and the Acolytes Khrùkhtii and Paloîta are busy, that means you have to help me write this letter. Now, onto cases.

Do the wing the thing!

Please, what do you mean?

Puîyos Master Emperor pal, she act like she no mean what I mean. You know. Wing thing. Flicker flutter flutter.

Is there anyway you can be any more xhmotìriri?

Mwa?

Ah, it means sèpefhi. Specific. Could you be anymore specific?

Huh?

Are you sure Aîya’s not busy.

So, no wing thing? Okay.

Puey, this may be a difficult letter to dictate.

Okay Empress of future tomorrow sunrises and happy summer days, let me dance it out in words. Okay, okay. Okay. So, we all know you have a rather extra-inordinary background the story the play the myth, right? Your Mother is an Immortal, a Star, and not just anyone, but very beautiful one all moonbeams and white and silver light and she have bright sixfold wings and she danced for billions of ages and very pretty and twinkly bright feet. Everyone love your Mother. Your Mother very adored. You know that, right? Your Mother most adored creature in all history past and eternity to come. We love your Mother. I love her too.

Yes, Fhólus, I know.

Could we serve her instead? I’m sure it a little honor to serve the future Empress but your Mother, she on high, she perfect and bright, she the holy Virgin Empress. Any way she could buy me from you?

Does your story have any purpose unto it?

Why just thinking about your Mother make me happy.

Perhaps I should compose this letter later.

So you of course have no idea about your heritage until the very end of your journey, and then, surprise surprise! Catastrophe! Explosion! Boom boom boom! And then, oh my! You of the winged Star folk. So all those dreams you been having your entire life actually making sense. You a Star also. And your Mother was the best Star. We love your Mother.

Thank you.

So you just a little baby Star. With little flappy baby wings. Look just like crystalline butterfly wings, usually, unless you panick or get upset. Any reason your wings sharpening themselves now? Little knifey edges unto them?

Oh?

So one day your Mother teach you to fly. Perhaps even Father too. Your Father, oh he the old Dragon Emperor. The story we could tell about him. Did you know he the Tyrant?

I really do not wish to write too much more about my parents. Puey has had to endure quite a lot from them also.

So you have these wings, but they little baby wings, and you don’t know how to use them. Funny thing is, you small, you little ballerina small, a little small for your age, but even with your wings you not too big at all, usually just fold them down upon your back or let them slip into the folds on the back of your gown. So it’s not even like you too big when the wings buzzing back and forth. Not like my wings, I have strong and bold wings, good for dancing in flight. You have little glass butterfly wings. But this the funny thing. You have a wing thing. You going to do it, the question?

Oh?

See, lots of time, because you can’t quite control your wings, your wings doing things without you know it. Say you sitting in a chair. Just like this. I we sitting in your lap. All very simple, very normal. Lwa lwa lwa. Now, if someone mention Puîyos! Look! Your wings flutter a little of their own accord.

I don’t quite catch your meaning.

Puîyos! See! Did you see it? Sure you felt it.

I’m just … stretching.

Puîyos! Puîyos! Puîyos!

I don’t quite see what you mean.

Here, let me take a mirrow. Now watch yourself. Okay, wings out. Normal. Reaching. Not doing anything in particular. Now I’m going to do something really boring. Fhwa fhwa fhwa fhwa fhwa fhwa. Very boring. Very very boring. See, nothing at all happening. If I talk about something exceeding full boring, your wings even droop a little.

Maybe a little.

We love your Mother! Look! Your wings twitched a little.

Ah …

Watch this. Look! Puey’s just outside!

Where?

Did you see that? Your wings just did the thing! They all fluttered upwards. You floated a little out your chair! All I have to do is say your name, and you’re all pitter patter pitter patter. Little heart gizzard beating.

It’s a trifle.

Puîyos Puîyos Puîyos Puîyos Puîyos. Look, little petals and flowers growing in your wings. Little eldritch to see, the truth be told.

I suppose.

Okay, keep looking in the mirror. I say other names. Fhermáta. Siêthiyal. Akhlísa. Ixhúja. See, a little warm happy look in your feathers. They turning more plumed now, less like glass. Okay, now I say Puîyos! Puîyos! Puîyos! Now your wings all blushing! They flutter! They hiccoughing.

It’s an interesting observation.

Okay, watch this. LOOK! PUÎYOS IS KISSING SOME OTHER MAIDEN! YOU’D BETTER TAKE A LOOK AT THIS, HE’S THE KISSING HER ON HER LIPS! See, your wings suddenly become swords and shooting and flames and reaching right towards me and

[smudges. The rest of the page is torn.]

I’m sorry about that, Puey. I’m afraid my wings scorched Fhólus a little. He’s doing fine now. I’ve bandaged him up a bit and set him back on my lap. Fhólus, be a good scrivener and start transcribing. Tell Puey you’re fine.

I we the very fine now. Just a little wing mishap. Sword of fire almost ripped out my three throats. Meh, such things happen.

I’ve warned Fhólus that we’re not going to be conducting any experiments on my wings, and that you alone are aloud to touch them. Right now my wings are a nice flowing cærulea sea rippling about my shoulders. For a brief moment they became almost like lava, and bits of glass fell out from them. I’m afraid the glass almost certainly was due to my Mother’s work at binding my wings. Well, we’re all well here and ready to write you a great letter about Cases. Fhólus, dearest, let’s get the quills ready for a splendid adventure in the Hierarchy of Cases.

You going to have babies with wings?

I think so, considering that my Mother did.

Won’t that be a little … weird?

You have wings.

Yeah, but I Fhólus the Great and we Traîkhiim used to jéne metemorphóses. Why I we were female most of this day, and just for fun. But … wings? And grammar? I don’t know which the stranger. Ah. Grammar is stranger than wings. Better have winged children, no grammarians.

Puey, my love, we’re going to discuss Babel Cases now. I just hope that this hithertofor rambling epistle has been able to embrighten your time as the warchiefs and elders discuss the war and movements of fleets and the tumbling of the void. You’ve told me that you can already envision all of the battles in your head and have very little need for such discussions, but it is always best to obey one’s elders. I just hope that you don’t smile while reading the epistle, because then Grandpa Pátifhar will know you’re reading something aside from a report.
Now

You doing the little wing thing again. See, just talking about Puîyus is enough to happy you.

Thank you, Fhólus. Babel has Seven Cases. Seven Cases are in Babel. We shall discuss the Case of Babel of whih cases Seven are there in total. Some of the cases such as the construct and ingeminate have multiple duties. The locative case as myriads of tasks, and sometimes folk even want to break up the locative case into subcases, and that I find to be a mistake because that just introduces extra rules to Babel and I wish to keep everything as simple as possible.

This probably the most complex structure one can imagine, this language of yours.

It’s our language, Fhólus. Now, this is an example of the word Puîye inflected in the Seven Cases:

Vocative Case: AîPuîye, Xá Puîye, Taê Puîye
Experiencer Case: Puîye, Puiyeyoâqe
Construct Case: Puiyèyejikh, Puîye xhroe
Ingeminate Case: Puîye kae
Locative Case: Qir Puîye, Puiyesàswaor, Puiyèyutakh
Ergative Case: Puîyeyan
Absolutive Case: Puîye, Puiyeyùpwar

Babel has only seven cases: The Vocative, the Experiencer, the Construct, the Ingeminate, the Locative, the Ergative, and the Absolutive. Understanding of these cases will be essentual in understanding Babel Syntax, so one should remember them. However, the cases, Fhólus you don’t have to write the name of your cases on your eyelids. You won’t be able to see your writing anyway. I suppose your other heads could. Here, back to the little. Now, the ingeminate case and the ergative case only have a single form for you to learn. The ingeminate form for Puey will always be Puîye kae, and the ergative will always be Puîyeyan. Some cases only have a few forms. There are only two possible construct forms of your name, Puiyèyejikh and Puîye xhroe, and just two absolutive forms for your name, Puîye and Puiyeyùpwar, and the only experiencer forms for you name are Puîye and Puiyeyòjhwa and Puiyeyùpwar and Puiyeyoâqe and Puiyeyoâkhwe and Puiyeyaîpoi.

Aren’t some of those the forms the same?

Yes, Fhólus. But they are used in different circumstances and have different meanings.

I’m outta here.

No you don’t. So, some of these cases only have a few forms, but the Vocative Case has many forms depending on what honorific you use, and the locative case has elevens for forms to describe location in time and memory and space. For instance your name can be inflected as Puiyèyaloi, in Puey, and Puiyèyutakh, untowards Puey and Puiyèyepakh, through Puey or Puey chanced to do something, and all of these are examples of different forms of the same case. Semantically non-restrictive participles inflect for all seven cases, my Love, but Personal Pronouns lack the absolutive case, so they only have six cases, and Relative Pronouns only inflect for the experiencer case as the Subject, the construct case, and the locative case.

How merciful! Empress, may I go now?

No. The Aikhwìkhlu, the Vocative Case is used for direct address. It has many different forms and draws fine distinctions for gender and filial situations of honor. The vocative case can also be unmarked in terms of inflection by changing the final level musical tone syllable unto a grave accent or a circumflex for a fhtoîsyoi diphthong. So we have the following:


Xá Puîye!
Oh Puey!
JheîsaPuîye!
Oh Puey, my friend!
Puiyè!
Puey!
Khmaê tú!
Oh loved one!
Taê tú!
You!

The vocative case may be replaced with tlhiêxhrat pronominal supplementation. I shall explain how pronominal supplementation works at a latter date, but in short it’s a way to use our pronominal prefixes to take unto themselves the work of the cases, and therefore the construction has the connotation of the clause being done or existing in a shy or humble manner.

TiFhermáta titheupíya!
Oh Fhermáta, maiden! Ør, oh Fhermáta, oh humble maiden!
Qhulwàngpeja qhùlyár!
Oh hopeful peasant! Ør, oh hopeful ond humble peasant!

The experiencer case is used for three different syntactic functions. The experiencer case is either known because it has no affix unto it, or it has an aspect marker unto it when it is the subject of an intransitive or stative predicate. This case is used for the predicate in all clauses and sentences, as the subject of an instransitive or stative predicate with an aspect marker, and as an unmarked relative clause, a postjective.

Kùxha Puiyusoâkhwe.
Puîyus always kisses. Puiyusoâkhwe is in the experiencer case because it has the suffix –oakhwe on it.
Jhkhuyéri’ Éfhelìnye jijíxhe.
Éfhelìnye, laughing, loves someone. Both jhkhuyéri and jijíxhe are in the experiencer case, the first as the predicate and the second as a postjective.
Lreîxemat lrúnt Fhermáta.
Fhermáta reads in a nostalgic way. Both lreîxemat and lrúnt are in the experiencer case, the former as a predicate and the second as a naamwort.

The experiencer case may also be replaced with pronominal supplementation. The above examples could be rewritten as:

Khnùkuxha khnuPuiyusyoâkhwe.
Meek Puîyus kißes.
Jhkhuyéri qhiyÉfhelìnye qhijijíxhe.
Éfhelìnye, laughing, shyly loves someone.
Qhilreîxemat lrún qhiFhermáta.
Fhermáta reads in a bashful ond nostalgick way.

The experiencer case can also be used to formed the unmarked irrealis mood and questions. The irrealis mood changes the final level musical tone vowel to a grave, or a final diphthong to a circumflex, and questions change their final level musical tone vowel to an acute, or their final diphthong to a circumflex.

Khníjùr!
Sing!
Fhérm!
Look with wonder!
Kakaupà!
Sing!
Tuîn!
Give to friends, family, or clan!
Újàr
Think!
Sqánamèn!
Be scurrying rocks!
Xhmuptà!
Be gold!

Khníjúr?
Sings?
Khníjur Puiyús?
Doth Puîyus psing?
Fhérm?
Look with wonder?
Kakaûpa Puiyús?
Doth Puîyus psing?
Kùxha stélàrejikh tyaqájá?
Did Þe slave kiß Þe princess?

The experiencer case is, Fhólus, one of your heads is asleep on my lap. Wake it up. That’s resplendent. The experiencer case is also used in unmarked relative clauses, ingeminate phrases, absolutive phrases, ergative phrases, and locative phrases. For example, consider the kekhìsyu, the locative case. If I, fhólus what are you doing now?

I’m considering the locomotive case.

The kekhìsyu the kekhìsyu case! If one considers this example:

Sqánamen áxhayaîtlho
On top of Þe red rock

You will see that sqánamen is in the experiencer case, and áxhayaîtlho in the locative case. But the entire phrase together means on top of the red rock, not there is a rock, and there is something on top of a red thing. The experiencer case thus is able to link up many words together, and the inflexion only comes at the end. So:

Sqánamen újar ixhúxhayaîtlho
On top of Þe thinking, green rock

One sees it in ingeminate phrases:

Sqánamenàxhmikh újar ixhúxha pfhu
Of the thinking, green rock. Újar is in the experiencer case.

And in absolutive phrases:

Sqánamenùpwar újar ixhúxha pfhu
The thinking, green rock (is something, or has something done to it) Újar is in the experiencer case.

And in phrases:

Sqánàmenan újar ixhúxha
The thinking, green rock (goes about and does something) Both újar and ixhúxha are in the experiencer case.

Moreover the experiencer case is used in the highly marked possession construction.

Qir teiqhayúqei’ íxhi Puîyus xhmárot kae
In the presence of mighty Puîyus’ yellow book. Íxhi is experiencer.
Qir teiqhayúqei’ íxhi thèkar Puiyùsejikh xhmárot kae
In the presence of mighty Puîyus’ yellow, jumping book. Both íxhi and thèkar are experiencer.

There are three conjugations in Babel, called the secondary modes, which appear only in the khwèlipe predicate experiencer. These are the deferential mode, the honorific mode, and the predicate ól.

Þe Deferential Mode:

Puiyeyopaingakh.
I’m sorry but I am Puey.
Tqeqafhuxhlit!
May I not do it!
Khnenopaingate khniêrejikh stélàrejikh Puîyus.
Respectfully, Puîyus did not kiß Þe princess.

Þe Honorifick Mode

Tsefheiroxhaxhro qoe’ úqei’ Táto.
Táto honors us both, thee and me, by carrying Þe books.
Khnieroxhate qoe stélar Puîyus.
Puîyus honors her by kißing Þe princess.
Qrauyelóngeyathit stélaràswaor kúxing!
May he honor me by teaching Þe princess!

Þe Predicate Ól

Ólakh
I exist.
Jaraqtuyùtya’ ól Fhermáta
Fhermáta cometh from Jaràqtu
Puiyusòntet Éfhelìnye’ ólu ker khetyàkhnier.
Puîyus ond Éfhelìnye, indeed, kiß each other.

Fhólus, are you awake there? The next case for us to consider is the Thèngpo. The thèngpo, the construct case, has as its basic idea that of the object and that of simple possession. Early grammarians tended to call it the objective genitive. However, since it is also the case used to finish the meaning of certain participles, it constructs a meaning, and so that term has come to be applied unto it.

Jaê tsatlhisènxha xhroe Kàrijoi xhroa pú.
I see Þe jewel of Kàrijoi.
Koaselónge’ Éfhelinyèyejikh Puîyus.
Puîyus loves Éfhelìnye
Thèker sqàkhant Fhermátàyejikh.
Fhermáta’s scurrying rocks jump about.

The above examples may be written, using the humiliative construction, as follows:

Jiîjae khnutsatlhisènxha qhiKàrijoi pú.
I, humble that I eom, see Þe jewel of Kàrijoi.
Jeikoaselónge khnuyÉfhelìnye Puîyus.
Puîyus meekly loves Éfhelìnye
Thèker qhaôsqakhan qhiFhermáta.
Fhermáta’s scurrying rocks jump about in a bashful fashion.

The construct case is also used to complete some verbal memetick ideas.

Wtsaôjhe khniêr xhroe’ Éfhelìnye xhroa pú.
I tried in vain ond then gave up kißing Éfhelìnye.
Xhméri khniêr xhroe’ Éfhelìnye xhroa pú.
I almost kißed Éfhelìnye.

Wtsaôjhe is a participle that means those who are out of the reach of someone or something and it also means those who try in vain and then give up being or doing someone or something and it uses the constuct case to complete it’s meaning. Xhméri is a participle meaning those who almost are someone or something or those who do someone or something, and functions in a similar pattern.

Babel has a separate partitive genitive, which is a form of the locative case, and a possession construction, which can use the construct case but also uses the experiencer case.

Jaê sqánamenùtya pú.
I see some of Þe rock. Sqánamenùtya is in the partitive genitive form of the locative case.
Jaê teiqhasqánamenùtya Puîyus pú.
I see some of Puîyus’ rock. Teiqhasqánamenùtya is made up of teiqha- which tells us that we’re coming up to a possession construction, and then sqánamenùtya and then Puîyus which is in the experiencer case but works as a construct case.

Empress these constructions are getting out of hand-palm. Insane!

No, they’re quite simple, once you understand the rules. And I hear your using them all the while. You just think it’s difficult because you’ve never been taught how you think and talk.

May I have a snack now?

Just don’t get any crumbs on beautiful Puey’s epistle. Next we come to the ingeminate case. The ingeminate case is in some ways an extremely abstract case, for it corresponds to several ideas of mirroring or being a twin of the main clause. At its most basic the ingeminate case is used for something which, along with the subject, receives action by the object. This case is used to modify the construct case, as the subject for relative clauses in the mediopassive voice, to refer to the previous sentence, as the object of the antipassive voice, and to express the conjunction and/or and among others..

Jaê stélàrjikh jijíxhe kae pú.
I see Þe laughing princess.
Jaê stélàrejikh jijíxhe kae khmírafham Puîyus kae púyaxhwa.
I see Þe laughing princess whom Puîyus loves.
Ei pfhu’ újar pú.
That, which was just said, is what I was pondering.
Jáxe khniêrejikh stélar kae xing Puîyus.
Puîyus kißes Þe princess in general.
Jijíxhe Puîyus khniêr khniêr kae stélàrejikh.
Puîyus laughs ør kißes Þe princess ør possibly both.
Khmír tsenastélàrejikh aqhus qúra kae xing púsa.
I love Þe princess ond Þe viceroy king among others.

Only the first usage of the ingeminate case, that of modifying the construct case, may be replaced with pronominal supplementation.

Jiîjae qhistélar qhijijíxhe pú.
I see Þe laughing princess.
I humbly see Þe laughing princess.

The locative case is

Did I we they miss anything?

I shall discuss the locative case. At least one of your heads is awake enough to write.

How many more cases do we have?

A thousand.

Oh!

I’m making a joke. Just three move cases. The locative case is used for all locational functions.

I could have guessed that.

This case has no correspondance in the humble construction.

Qírenàtaloi
In Þe Emperor
Twailílayèkhmo
From Þe birds
Thekèratser
In Þe context of one swimming
Puiyusèntir
Belonging to Puîyus

The locative case is used for indirect objects

Puîyuss so
For Puîyus
Khyeqhiiràswaor
For Þe Dragons
Kàrijoi pae
For Kàrijoi

If the indirect object is third person and follows a third person object, it may also be expressed using pronominal supplementation.

Tètsefheir tlhikhnujóloi justélar tú.
You shyly carry jewels for Þe princess.

The locative case is used to express habeo, that is to have.

Xhmir Puîyuss sqánamen
Puîyus hath a rock
Óqlayàxhwa qlénàswaor
Þe beautiful women have flowren
Úqei’ púqi.
I have a book.
Qielàxhwa wtsàtim Puîyus qíreu!
May Puîyus have a green hill!

The locative case is also used to form modal constructions with Tlhir+ and Xhnir+.

Khníjur khmexhnujóxo xhnir Puîyus
Puîyus is in love with singing.
Tuînamat úqeiyàxhmikhh khmaitátu púxhni.
Because of compaßion, Puîyus gives books.
Khniêr Puiyùsejikh lwùlqerut tlhir Éfhelìnye.
Éfhelìnye is overjoyed to kiß Puîyus.

Oh I want to create an example

Khrèjhar khmeníwàyejikh tharathelónge tlhir Fhermáta.
Fhermáta laments killing Þe candy pirate.

That was a rather scary example. But then again, I’ve used used examples before with warriors killing birds and Qlenólakh accidently killing Uncle Xhnófho. Sample sentences tend to get a little silly.
The last two cases left to be mentioned are the ergative and the absolutive cases. The ergative case is used as the agent or subject of a transitive or distransitive predicate or to emphasise that it acts upon a clause on purpose, not upon accident, for some purpose. The absolutive is used as the agent or subject or an intransitive or stative predicate and as the object of a transitive or ditransitive predicate with either a volitional or non-volitional subject. I’ve given several examples of such usages on my discussion on volitionality above, for now I wish to show some examples with pronominal supplementation, also call’d the humiliative construction. The connotations of the humiliative construction are that the action of the predicate is in some fashion experienced in an humble, meek, shy, or bashful way. Sometimes one does not have needs for to express this directly in the translation to the Language of Beasts, especially if the context is clear.

Seiyújar theupíya twailílayan.
Þe bird bashfully thinks about Þe maiden.
Qhitlhìjhweqhe jakhtàqtayan axhíxhi.
Þe bashful orange warrior falls down on purpose.
Khnùqyekhen khwúnan.
Þe sly friends were striking someone on purpose.
Sèkuxha stélar akhlísa kae Puîyusan.
Meek Puîyus kißes Þe weeping princesses.

In the epistles to come I shall write you a full description of each case as the relative affixes are examined one by one.

Tsae, I can hardly wait!

Fhólus, do please stop scribbling your jokes all o'er the epistle. As I was saying, Babel is the agglutinating language. Each of the seven cases may take a large variety of affixes for denoting such concepts as number, adjectival description, and focus.

Aîqiêling, xá qiêleng, taê tlhèngpaqiel!
O hill, oh two hills, oh eleven hills!

Fhólusàxhwa
As for Fhólus

Ijótlhayaxhmikhèlqil, ijótlha xhroe yempin, ijótlha xhroe yangil
Of Þe frightening whispering mountains, of Þe worthleß whispering mountains, of Þe simple whispering mountains

Kú kae oakhwen
Being he who eternally shall

Qir lwánòlengut, lwánolàswaor toa, lwánolutakhiîku
In this castle, to that castle, in yon castle, far, in sight

Or, to give an example of your own name in the seven cases:

Vocative Case:
AîPuiyeyàxhwa, Xá Puîye xhmoe, Taê Puiyeyènwe
Oh Puey indeed

Experiencer Case:
Puiyeyàxhwa, Puiyeyoaqeyènwe
Puey indeed

Construct Case:
Puiyeyejikhàxhwa, Puîye xhroe xhmoe
Of Puey indeed

Ingeminate Case:
Puîye kae yenwe
Being Puey indeed

Locative Case:
Qir Puiyeyàxhwa, In Puey indeed, Puiyeyàswaor xhmoe_for Puey indeed,_ Puiyeyutakhènwe towards Puey indeed

Ergative Case:
Puiyeyanènwe
Puey set out to do it

Absolutive Case:
Puiyeyàxhwa, Puiyeyupwarènwe
It happened to Puey

The prototypical Babel xhméja sentence consists of two words, which may be participles or personal pronouns, one of which must be in the experiencer case, and the other which may be in a variety of cases. The first word must be the predicate. If the predicate takes an object than the construct must come right after it, although there may be several unmarked relative clauses in apposition to the predicate. Very few elements may interrupt the predicate-construct joint. The ingeminate case is used to modify the construct. Vocatives and locatives are sprinkled throughout the clause or sentence.

Experiencer Absolutive
Wtsàtim Puîyus.
Puîyus is green.
Experiencer Experiencer
Wtsàtim Puiyusaîpoi.
Puîyus is fated to be green.
Experiencer Construct Experiencer
Khòsyein stélàrejikh Puîyus.
Puîyus kißes Þe princess on her lips.
Experiencer Construct Ingeminate Experiencer
Khòsyein stélàrejikh jijíxhe kae Puîyus.
Puîyus kißes Þe laughing princess on her lips.
Khòsyein stélàrejikh jijíxhe qlín kae Puîyus.
Puîyus kißes Þe laughing, beautiful princess on her lips.

Schematically one may represent this as the following:

{Locatives, vocatives} Predicate Experiencer (Construct Case/Absolutive Case [Ingeminate case]) {more Locatives, vocatives} The Subject in its appropriate case {even more Locatives, vocatives}

The vocative case and the locative case may come before the experiencer predicate and between the ingeminat e and the subject and after the subject in whatever is the appropriate case, but never between the predicate experiencer and construct, and never between the predicate experiencer and the absolutive and never between the construct or absolutive being modified by the ingeminate.

Unmarked relative khyàtyekh clauses, in the experiencer case, may come after vocatives, predicate experiencers, subject experiencers, the ergative case, within a locative phrases, and after the absolutive case when it is the subject.

Taê Pátifhar újar kùxha jijíxhe stélàrejikh qlín kae qiêl wtsatìmaloi Puîyus xhmárot.
Oh thinking Pátifhar, mighty Puîyus, laughing, kißes Þe beautiful princess on Þe green hill.

The unmarked relative clauses in the experiencer case I have underlined and painted in green ink, and the experiencer predicate and subject I have painted in purple italiξ.

May I help?

Just write down what I’m saying. One you understand the function of the seven cases you’ll be able to understand how to form different types of sentences. Fronting, modal expressions, the possession construction, voices such as passive, mediopassive, and antipassive, the topic-comment expression all have very simple syntax dependent upon the use of these five cases.

Ei’ eûxi kae kus jaê stélàrejikh pú.
‘Tis dancing that I saw Þe Princess do
Tnarjhwèkhmat qielàxhmikh wtsàtim khmír xhnir Kàrijoi
Kàrijoi loves to paint Þe hills green.
Jaê teiqhayúqeiyàxhmikh áxha pajetyaqája’ újar Karijoîyejikh xhmárot lrún kae pú.
I see mighty Kàrijoi’s thinking slave’s red books.
Xhnípe’ ur tsèfheir xhroe qoe tsitlhisènxha fhrokaot Puîyus
Þe wise beek are carried by Puîyus.
Óqlayàxhwa khmírafhamm tú kae púqi.
I have flowren which you love.
Puiyeyàxhwa kakaupayeîlwai jijíxheyeilwai khniereîlwai stélarèjikhing.
As for Puey, for his part he sings, he laughs, ond he kißes Þe princess.


And so, I am proud to reveal unto you the family of the cases.

Tsenathwòtso xhiqhilayàxhmikh
Þe Hierarchy of Cases


May take Aspect in Þe Presumptivë Mode
May not take Aspect
First Level
Experiencer Case
Vocativë Case
Second Level
Construct Case
Locativë Case
Third Level
Ingeminate Case

Fourth Level
Absolutivë Case
(·upwar/·ojhwa)
Ergativë Case

One is tempted, like Fhólus, to try and make these cases fit more into the social phenomenon of the caste system of Gloßopoeia, although as I indicated before it is an imperfect fit, for each word must take unto itself many cases in order for the sentence to have balance, and the caste system we have inherited cannot function in such a way. But, because Fhólus keeps asking me to, for his or her sake, I shall relabel the chart in this fashion:


May take Aspect in Þe Presumptivë Mode
May not take Aspect
First Estate, the priests and nobility and holy Pwéru
Experiencer Case
Vocativë Case
Second Estate, the warriors
Construct Case
Locativë Case
Third Estate, the herder cultivators
Ingeminate Case

Fourth Estate, artisans and women not of noble or royal family
Absolutivë Case
(·upwar/·ojhwa)
Ergativë Case

Long ago traditional Babel Grammarians were aware that in many syntactic constructions that the cases certainly fell into certain patterns and orders, but it was quite some time before the Hierarchy of Cases was discovered. For the time being I shall ignore the Pariah Heretics of Khnìntha who rejected the theory of the Hierarchy of Cases and helped to start the Tlhexetsopwekùthuwo, the Shibboleth Wars of Heaven. It just does not seem appropriate, especially since, my love, you are trying to bring these wars to an end, and now we have Khnìnthans fighting for us. Later on though I shall discuss the use of qoe and soe and why the locative case can’t be broken up into an instrumental and dative case.

The idea that the cases have various layers of authority in a clause or sentence is certainly comparable to the class and caste system in the various societies of the Dreamtime. The Experiencer and Vocative cases are obviously the strongest because an entire sentence can consist of a predicate experiencer or a vocative, and in fact, aside from simple vocative utterances or interjections, every sentence must have a predicate experiencer.

Xá Puîye!
Oh Puey!
Puiyeyèxhlie.
Puey sings.

The vocative case is very powerful. In the irrealis mood the suffixes –étyai and +khrúju can be translated as need if the subject is in the experiencer, ergative, or absolutive case, but when the subject is in the vocative case one must translate the irrealis as a command. The experiencer is used for subjects and predicates and with verbals. Tlhiêxhrat, that is, pronominal supplementation is a construction that realies heavily upon the predicate experiencer. Moreover the experiencers are used to form sentences in the active voice, with objects in the construct and ingeminate, thereby affirming that the construct, as the object of the experiencer, is a vassel to the experiencer, and the ingeminate, being a vassel to the construct, must lie two ranks below as an even younger sibling.

The locative and construct are considered second rank in this family. The locative can be used to form various types of verbal sentences, with the Tlhir+ and Xhnir+ modals, and with various idioms meaning to have, and to wear clothing and for certain weather to be, and belonging to among others. Also, in the thwoâprang passive voice, the verbal idea which previously would have been predicate experiencer is denoted to the construct case, while the agent remains experiencer, and the subject or predicate depends upon the construction.

The ingeminate case is considered the second lowliest. For instance what would have been the object in the construct case is now in the ingeminate case. The subject of the khmèptung mediopassive voice, a whom clause, is demoted to the ingeminate case. Also the entire previous sentence can be referenced in this case. Finally the ingeminate can be used to express the conjunctions and/or and selective and.

Jaê tsenaqúràyejikh xhnoipe tsenastélar stélar kae pú.
I see Þe king ør Þe princess ør possibly both.
Jaê tsenaqúràyejikh aqhus tsenastélar kae pú.
I see Þe king ond the princess among othren.

And so we come to the ergative and absolutive cases, the youngest children in this family. Very often they are used in volitional clauses, and so even though their meaning may be quite powerful, their ability to take the place or modify other cases is the weakest. Also the absolutive case is in so many forms identical to the experiencer that it can be overlooked, and sometimes only recognized by the -upwar/ojhwa suffix which is actually an aspectual suffix. The ergative and aboslutive cases are often used in the humiliative constuction wherein they have the connotation of the experiencer or the predicate being undergone in an humble, meek, shy, or bashful way. The humiliative construction is only found in the presumptive mode and in the comment mood. It is very similar to the engaûplo the secondary modes, for there are modes for politeness, for emphasis, and for honoring, and in a way the humilitive construction is the main way of denoting the opposite of such.

As a reward for your patience and for reading this far, Puey, and for just being the very best Puey that there e'er was, Fhólus and I are going to decline three participles, a personal pronoun, and a relative pronoun in the seven cases.

Puîyos she doing the wing thing again. I think she like you.

Of course I like Puey! We’re going to be married and live in happiness together for ever and have lots of children.

See, was right. She like you. Do I really have to paint all these words?

You can help me draw the tables.

The Experiencer Case
Usually known by word order and by no affix, save for the aspect suffix

Participles, Personal Pronouns, and Relative Pronoun

Sentient animate
Participle
Puîye, Puey
Non
Sentient
Animate
participle
Óqla, flowers
Non
Sentient
Inanimate
Participle
Qiêl, hills
Personal pronoun
Tú, thou
Relativë pronoun
Kús, who
Puîye
Puey
Óqla
Flowers
Qiêl
Hills
Tú
Thou, yee
Kus
Who
Puiyeyòjhwa
Being Puey
Óqlayòjhwa
Being flowers
Qielòjhwa
Being hills
Túyojhwa
Being thou


Puiyeyùpwar
Finished being Puey
Óqlayùpwar
Finished being flowers
Qielùpwar
Finished being hills
Túyupwar
Finished being thou


Puiyeyoâqe
In the act of being Puey
Óqlayoâqe
In the act of being flowers
Qieloâqe
In the act of being hills
Túyoaqe
In the act of being thou


Puiyeyoâkhwe
Always being Puey
Óqlayoâkhwe
Always being flowers
Qieloâkhwe
Always being hills
Túyoakhwe
Always being thou


Puiyeyaîpoi
Fated to be Puey
Óqlayaîpoi
Fated to be flowers
Qielaîpoi
Fated to be hills
Túyaipoi
Fated to be thou


Puiyé?
Puey?
Óqlá?
Flowers?
Qiêl?
Hills?




Puiyè!
Be Puey!
Óqlà!
Be flowers!
Qiêl!
Be hills!





Are we done yet?

Oh Fhólus, we’re just beginning, we have six more cases to go.

Mentioned how sorry I we are for making fun of your case system?

Let’s chart out the vocative case.

Kill me.

The Vocative Case
Level Two Prefixes

Participles:


Sentient Animate
Participle
Puîye,
Puey
Non
Sentient
Animate
Participle
Óqla, flowers
Non-sentient
Inanimate
Participle
Qiêl, hills
AîPuîye!
Oh Puey!
Aîyóqla!
Oh flowers!
Aîqiêl!
Oh hills!
Taê Puîye!
Oh Puey!
Taê’ óqla!
Oh flowers!
Taê qiêl!
Oh hills!
Xá Puîye!
Oh Puey!
Xá’ óqla!
Oh flowers!
Xá’ qiêl!
Oh
hill!
XaôPuîye!
Honored Puey!
Xaôyóqla!
Honored flowers!
Xaôqiel!
Honored hills!
Tongai
Puîye!
Honored
Puey!
Tongai’
Óqla!
Honored
flowers!
Tongai!
Qiêl!
Honored hills!
LwórPuîye!
Beloved
Puey!
Lwóróqla!
Beloved
flowers!
Lwórqiel!
Beloved hills!
Xhyénemai
Puîye!
Beloved
Puey!
Xhyénemai’
Óqla!
Beloved
flowers!
Xhyénemai
Qiêl!
Beloved hills!
ÁnyarPuîye!
Loved
Puey!
Ányaróqla!
Loved
flowers!
Ányàrqiel!
Loved hills!
Khmaê
Puîye!
Loved
Puey!
Khmaê’
Óqla!
Loved
flowers!
Khmaê qiêl!
Loved hills!
KhmaîtlhoPuîye!
Respected
Puey!
Khmaîtlhoyóqla!
Respected flowers!
Khmaîtlhoqiel!
Respected hills!
Xhmaitlhújo
Puîye!
Respected
Puey!
Xhmaitlhújo’
Óqla!
Respected flowers!
Xhmaitlhújo
Qiêl!
Respected hills!
AînoiPuîye!
Bleßed
Puey!
Aînoiyóqla!
Bleßed flowers!
Aînoôqiel!
Bleßed hills!
PétsiPuîye!
Aged
Puey!
Pétsiyóqla!
Aged flowers!
Pétsiqiel!
Aged hills!
QlásaPuîye!
Worshipful,
Royal
Puey!
Qlásayóqla!
Worshipful.
Royal flowers!
Qlásaqiel!
Worshipful, royal hills!
JheîsaPuîye!
Friend,
Puey!
Jheîsayóqla!
Friends, flowers!
Jheîsaqiel!
Friends, hills!
XhórPuîye!
Puey, sir!




Óxhai Puîye!
Puey, sir!




XhérÉfhelìnye!
Éfhelìnye,
Ma’am!




Éxhai’ Éfhelìnye!
Éfhelìnye,
Ma’am!




ÁjhoqhaPuîye!
Teacher,
Puey!
Ájhoqhayóqla!
Teachren, flowers!
Ájhòqhaqiel!
Teachren, hills!
JóngaPuîye!
Young one,
Puey!
Jóngayóqla!
Young ones, flowers!
Jóngaqiel!
Young ones, hills!
Túngai
Puîye!
Puey,
Of thilke
Sex!




Taôngai
Puîye!
Puey,
Of Þe opposite
Sex!




JhwónaPuîye!
Puey,
Related by marriage!




FhtánaPuîye!
Fostered one,
Puey!
Fhtánayóqla!
Fostered ones,
Flowers!
Fhtánaqiel!
Fostered ones,
hills!
ÁrPuîye!
Grandfather
Puey!
Áróqla!
Grandfather flowers!
Árqiel!
Grandfather hills!
TárPuîye
Grandfather
Puey!
Táróqla!
Grandfather flowers!
Tárqiel!
Grandfather hills!
Puiyè!
Puey!
Óqlà!
Flowers!
Qiêl!
Hills!

The Vocative Case for Personal Pronouns

Personal
Pronoun
Tú, thou
Aîtú!
Thou!
Taê tú!
Thou!
Xá tú!
Thou!
Xaôtú!
Honored one!
Tongai
Tú!
Honored one!
Lwórtú!
Beloved one!
Xhyénemai
Tú!
Beloved one!
Ányartú!
Loved one!
Khmaê tú!
Loved one!
Khmaîtlhotú!
Respected one!
Xhmaitlhújo
tú
Respected one!
Aînoitú!
Bleßed one!
Pétsitú!
Aged one!
Qlásatú!
Worshipful,
Royal one!
Jheîsatú!
My friend!
Xhórtú!
Sir!
Óxhai tú!
Sir!
Xhértú!
Ma’am!
Éxhai tú!
Ma’am!
Ájhoqhatú!
Teacher!
Jóngatú!
Young one!
Túngai tú!
Thou, of thilke sex!
Taôngai tú!
Thou, of Þe opposite sex!
Jhwónatú!
In·law!
Fhtánatú!
Fostered one!
Ártú!
Grandfather!
Tártú!
Grandfather!
Tú!
Thou! Yee!

Relative Pronouns lack the vocate case.

Ah, all the pity we I they looking froward to painting more.

Oh we have many more words to paint. Just wait until we get to the locative case.

Sure you don’t want to change jobs? I can make up words too. Thththpt! Pllfhr! Ynnynnnynkhh!

Next we shall diagram the Construct Case. You’ll like it.

The Construct Case
Level One Suffix
Participles, Personal Pronouns, Relative Pronouns

Sentient animate
Participle
Puîye, Puey
Non
Sentient
Animate
Participle
Óqla, flowers
Non
Sentient
Inanimate
Participle
Qiêl, hills
Personal pronoun
Tú, thou
Relativë pronoun
Kús, who
Puiyèyejikh
Of Puey
Óqlayólkha
Of flowers
Qielùlkha,
Qielàxhmikh
Of hills
túyejikh
You, your
kupejos
Whom, whose
Puîye xhroe
Of Puey
Óqla xhroe
Of flowers
Qiêl xhroe
Of hills
túxhrejor
You, your


Puîye xhroa
Of Puey
Óqla xhroa
Of flowers
Qiêl xhroa
Of hills





That was pretty simple, wasn’t it?

Yeah, not too bad, Empress.

I knew you’d like it. Isn’t grammar amazing?

Not quit ethe word I we would describe it.

So, we’re coming up to the locative case. I must warn you, it is a bit … intense. It’s the true festal ballet of case.

I we like ballet, Empress.

The Locative Case:
Level Seven Prefixes
Participles, Personal Pronouns, Relative Pronouns


Sentient Animate Participle
Puîye, Puey
Non Sentient Animate Participle
Óqla, flowers
Non Sentient Inanimate Participle
Qiêl, hills
Personal Pronoun
Tú, thou
Relativë Pronoun
Kus, who
Poaqing Puîye
Innam my Puey
Poaqing óqla
Innam my flowers
Poaqing qiêl
Innam my hills




Poaqe Puîye
Innar our Puey
Poaqe’ óqla
Innar our flowers
Poaqe qiêl
Innar our hills




Toaqing Puîye
Innad thy Puey
Toaqing óqla
Innad thy flowers
Toaqing qiêl
Innad thy hills




Toaqe Puîye
Innur your Puey
Toaqe’ óqla
Innur your flowers
Toaqe qiêl
Innur your hills




Koaqing Puîye
Inna his Puey
Koaqing óqla
Inna his flowers
Koaqing qiêl
Inna his hills




Koaqe Puîye
Innan thair Puey
Koaqe’ óqla
Innan thair flowers
Koaqe qiêl
Innan thair hills




Kekoaqing Puîye
Inna his Puey
Kekoaqing óqla
Inna his flowers
Kekoaqing qiêl
Inna his hills




Kekoaqe Puîye
Innan thair Puey
Kekoaqe’ óqla
Innan thair flowers
Kekoaqe qiêl
Innan thair hills




Qir Puîye
In, at, on, in Þe presence of, near Puey
Qir óqla
In, at, on, in Þe presence of, nearÞe flowers
Qir qiêl
In, at, on, in Þe presence of, near Þe hills
Túqi
In, at, on, in Þe presence of, near you; you have
Kuqoas
In, at, on, in Þe presence of, near whom; who has
Xhlir Puîye
Through, by means of Puey
Xhlir óqla
Through, by means of Þe flowers
Xhlir qiêl
Through, by means of Þe hills
Túxhli
Through, by means of you
Kuxhloas
Through, by means of whom
Xhmir Puîye
Towards, to, for Puey; Puey hath
Xhmir óqla
Towards, to, for flowers; flowers have
Xhmir qiêl
Towards, to, for hills; Þe hills have
Túxhmi
To, towards you
Kuxhmoas
To, towards whom; who has
Xhnir Puîye
With, together with, along with, in Þe presence of, aßociated with, belongs to Puey
Xhnir óqla
With, together with, along with, in Þe presence of, aßociated with, belongs to flowers
Xhnir qiêl
With, together with, along with, in Þe presence of, aßociated with, belongs to hills
Túxhni
Mwith, along with, in Þe presence of, aßociated with, belongs to you
Kuxhnoas
With, along with, in Þe presence of, aßociated with, belongs to whom
Xhrir Puîye
From, out of, about, concerning Puey
Xhrir óqla
From, out of, about, concerning flowers
Xhrir qiêl
From, out of, about, concerning hills
Túxhri
From, out of, about, concerning you
Kuxhroas
From, out of, about, concerning whom
Tlhir Puîye
Above, high above, on, upon Puey
Tlhir óqla
Above, high above, on, upon flowers
Tlhir qiêl
Above, high above, on, upon hills
Tútlhi
Above, high above, on, upon you
Kutlhoas
On, upon, above, high above whom
Pejor Puîye
In Þe context of Puey, Pueyly
Pejor óqla
In Þe context of flowers, flowerwise
Pejor qiêl
In Þe context of hills, hillwise
Túpejo
In Þe context of you



I’m sure you noticed that the prefixes or participles become suffixes for personal pronouns and relative pronouns, and they take a slightly different form. Therefore one says Qir Puîye and Qir óqla and Qir qiêl, but túqi and kuqoas.

Great. Fun. Something for writing back to home. We done yet?

The locative case, however, is also made up of a rich set of suffixes.

NO!

The Locative Case:
Level One Suffixes
Participles, Personal Pronouns, Relative Pronouns

Sentient Animate Participle
Puîye, Puey
Non Sentient Animate Participle
óqla, flowers
Non Sentient Inanimate Participle
Qiêl, hills
Personal Pronoun
Tú, thou
Relativë Pronoun
Kus,, who
Puiyeyètyikh
Some of Puey
Óqlayòtya
Some of Þe flowers
Qielùtya
Some of Þe hills
Túyutya
Some of you
Kupejos
Of whom
Puiyeyùjhwa
From, out of, about, concerning, writ by Puey
Óqlayèkhmo
From, out of, about, concerning flowers
Qielèpwo
From, out of, about, concerning hills
Túyujhwa
From, out of, about, concerning you
Kuyujhwasas
From, out of, about, concerning whom
Puiyeyaîtlho
On Þe surface of, on ptop of Puey
Óqlayaîtlho
On Þe surface of, on ptop of flowers
Qielaîtlho
On Þe surface of, on ptop of hills
Túyaitlho
On Þe surface of, on ptop of you
Kuyaitlhosas
On Þe surface of, on ptop of whom
Puiyèyaloi
In, into, inside, during Puey
Óqlàyaloi
In, into, inside, during flowers
Qiêlaloi
In, into, inside, during hills
Túyaloi
In, into, inside, during you
Kuyaloisas
In, into, inside, during whom
Puiyeyàlyoa
Throughout Puey
Óqlayàlyoa
Throughout flowers
Qielàlyoa
Throughout hills
Túyalyoa
Throughout you
Kuyalyoasas
Throughout whom
Puiyeyàntar
Near, close, in Þe presence of Puey
Óqlayàntar
Near, close, in Þe presence of flowers
Qielàntar
Near, close, in Þe presence of hills
Túyantar
Near, close, in Þe presence of you
Kuyantarsas
Near, close, in Þe presence of whom
Puiyeyàqlas
In Þe middle of Puey
Óqlayàqlas
In Þe middle of flowers
Qielàqlas
In Þe middle of hills
Túyaqlas
In Þe middle of you
Kuyaqlasesas
In Þe middle of whom
Puiyeyàswaor
To, for Puey; Puey hath
Óqlayàswaor
To, for flowers; flowers have
Qielàswaor
To, for hills; hills have
Túyaswaor
To, for you
Kuyaswaorsas
To, for whom
Puiyeyàthyen
Outside of, opposing Puey
Óqlayàthyen
Outside of, opposing flowers
Qielàthyen
Outside of, opposing hills
Túyathyen
Outside of, opposing you
Kuyathyenesas
Outside of, opposing whom
Puiyeyàthying
In front of, before Puey
Óqlayàthying
In front of, before flowers
Qielàthying
In front of, before hills
Túyathying
In front of, before you
Kuyathyingesas
In front of, before whom
Puiyèyatlhui
Because of, due to Puey
Óqyàyatlhui
Because of, due to flowers
Qiêlatlhui
Because of, due to hills
Túyatlhui
Because of, due to you
Kuyatlhuisas
Because of, due to whom
Puiyèyatser
In Þe context of Puey, Pueyly
Óqlàyatser

In Þe context of flowers, flowerwise
Qiêlatser
In Þe context of hills, hillwise
Túyatser
In Þe context of you
Kuyatsersas
In Þe context of whom
Puiyeyeîtlho
About, concerning Puey
Óqlayeîtlho
About, concerning flowers
Qieleîtlho
About, concerning hills
Túyeitlho
About, concerning you
Kuyeitlhosas
About, concerning whom
Puiyèyejen
Because of, due to Puey
Óqlàyejen
Because of, due to flowers
Qiêlejen
Because of, due to hills
Túyejen
Because of, due to you
Kuyejenesas
Because of, due to whom
Puiyeyèjhwor
Below Puey
Óqlayèjhwor
Below flowers
Qielèjhwor
Below hills
Túyejhwor
Below you
Kuyejhworsas
Below whom
Puiyeyèlwil
Without, lacking Puey
Óqlayèlwil
Without, lacking flowers
Qielèlwil
Without, lacking hills
Túyelwil
Without, lacking you
Kuyelwilesas
Without, lacking whom
Puiyeyèmlen
Down to, below Puey
Óqlayèmlen
Down to, below flowers
Qielèmlen
Down to, below hills
Túyemlen
Down to, below you
Kuyemlenesas
Down to, below whom
Puiyeyèntir
Belongs to Puey
Óqlayèntir
Belongs to flowers
Qielèntir
Belongs to hills
Túyentir
Belongs to you
Kuyentirsas
Belongs to whom
Puiyèyepakh
Through, by means of Puey
Óqlàyepakh
Through, by means of flowers
Qiêlepakh
Through, by means of hills
Túyepakh
Through, by means of you
Kuyepakhesas
Through, by means of whom
Puiyeyèthya
Like, as, just as, as if Puey
Óqlayèthya
Like, as, just as, as if flowers
Qielèthya
Like, as, just as, as if hills
Túyethya
Like, as, just as, as if you
Kuyethyasas
Like, as, just as, as if whom
Puiyeyètwekh
In relacioun to, in comparison to, at least for Puey
Óqlayètwekh
In relacioun to, in comparison to, at least for flowers
Qielètwekh
In relacioun to, in comparison to, at least for hills
Túyetwekh
In relacioun to, in comparison to, at least for you
Kuyetwekhesas
In relacioun to, in comparison to, at least for whom
Puiyeyèxhyeu
In, at, on Puey
Óqlayèxhyeu
In, at, on flowers
Qielèxhyeu
In, at, on hills
Túyexhyeu
In, at, on you
Kuyexhyeusas
In, at, on whom
Puiyeyiêngo
Behind, at Þe back of Puey
Óqlayiêngo
Behind, at Þe back of flowers
Qieliêngo
Behind, at Þe back of hills
Túyiengo
Behind, at Þe back of you
Kuyiengosas
Behind, at Þe back of whom
Puiyeyiêqya
Acroß from, o'er Puey
Óqlayiêqya
Acroß from, o'er flowers
Qieliêqya
Acroß from, o'er hills
Túyieqya
Acroß from, o'er you
Kuyieqyasas
Acroß from, o'er whom
Puiyeyoâfhe
Around Puey
Óqlayoâfhe
Around flowers
Qieloâfhe
Around hills
Túyoafhe
Around you
Kuyoafhesas
Around whom
Puiyeyoâka
After, behind Puey
Óqlayoâke
After, behind flowers
Qieloâke
After, behind hills
Túyoaka
After, behind you
Kuyoakasas
After, behind whom
Puiyeyoâpa
Against Puey
Óqlayoâpa
Against flowers
Qieloâpa
Against hills
Túyoapa
Against you
Kuyoapasas
Against whom
Puiyeyoâta
Beside Puey
Óqlayoâta
Beside flowers
Qieloâta
Beside hills
Túyoata
Beside you
Kuyoatasas
Beside whom
Puiyeyoâtlha
Above Puey
Óqlayoâtlha
Above flowers
Qieloâtlha
Above hills
Túyoatlha
Above you
Kuyoatlhasas
Above whom
Puiyeyoâtye
Off of, from Puey
Óqlayoâtye
Off of, from flowers
Qieloâtye
Off of, from hills
Túyoatye
Off of, from you
Kuyoatyesas
Off of, from whom
Puiyèyofhiet
Beyond, past Puey
Óqlàyofhiet
Beyond, past flowers
Qiêlofhiet
Beyond, past hills
Túyofhiet
Beyond, past you
Kuyofhietesas
Beyond, past whom
Puiyeyòkhno
O'er, away from Puey
Óqlayòkhno
O'er, away from flowers
Qielòkhno
O'er, away from hills
Túyokhno
O'er, away from you
Kuyokhnosas
O'er, away from whom
Puiyeyòmlei
For Þe sake of Puey
Óqlayòmlei
For Þe sake of flowers
Qielòmlei
For Þe sake of hills
Túyomlei
For Þe sake of you
Kuyomleisas
For Þe sake of whom
Puiyèyufhar
Underneath, under, below Puey
Óqlàyufhar
Underneath, under, below flowers
Qiêlufhar
Underneath, under, below hlls
Túyufhar
Underneath, under, below you
Kuyufharsas
Underneath, under, below whom
Puiyèyujhar
Upon, on, on ptop of Puey
Óqlàyujhar
Upon, on, on ptop of flowers
Qiêlujhar
Upon, on, on ptop of hills
Túyujhar
Upon, on, on ptop of you
Kuyujharsas
Upon, on, on ptop of whom
Puiyèyuqei
Aßociated with, among, between Puey
Óqlàyuqei

Aßociated with, among, between flowers
Qiêluqei
Aßociated with, among, between hills
Túyuqei
Aßociated with, among between you
Kuyuqeisas
Aßociated with, among, between whom
Puiyèyutakh
To, towards, heading to Puey
Óqlàyutakh

To, towards, heading to flowers
Qiêlutakh
To, towards, heading to hills
Túyutakh
To, towards, heading to you
Kuyutakhesas
To, towards, heading to whom

Puey, I’m sure you noticed that the relative pronoun form of the partitive genitive, kupejos was identical to its construct form. In the relative pronoun the forms are identical. Perhaps one could say that the relative pronoun just lacks a partitive genitive and simply uses its construct case.

Sure, Empress, that really obvious. My three heads hurt! Are we done yet?

Not quite. Finally, the locative case is also made up of some suffixed particles.

If I gouge out mine own eyen and eat my hand-feet, do I still have to be your scribe.

Yes.

Oh!

Sentient Animate Participle
Puîye, Puey
Non Sentient Animate Participle
Óqla, flowers
Non Sentient Inanimate Participle
Qiêl, hills
Personal Pronoun
Tú, thou
Relativë Pronoun
Kus, who
Puîye so
For, to Puey
Óqla so
For, to flowers
Qiêl so
For, to hills
Tú so
For, to you
Ku so sas
For, to whom
Puîye pae
For, to Puey
Óqla pae
For, to flowers
Qiêl pae
For, to hills
Tú pae
For, to you
Ku pae sas
For, to whom
Puîye se
In, at, on Puey
Óqla se
In, at, on flowers
Qiêl se
In, at, on hills
Tú se
In, at, on you
Ku se sas
In, at, on whom
Puîye ser
Through, by means of Puey
Óqla ser
Through, by means of flowers
Qiêl ser
Through, by means of hills
Tú ser
Through, by means of you
Ku ser sas
Through, by means of whom
Puîye sae
Through, by means of Puey
Óqla sae
Through, by means of flowers
Qiêl sae
Through, by means of hills
Tú sae
Through, by means of you
Ku sae sas
Through, by means of whom
Puîye si
From, out of Puey
Óqla si
From, out of flowers
Qiêl si
From, out of hills
Tú si
From, out of you
Ku si sas
From, out of whom
Puîye khmo
From, out of Puey
Óqla khmo
From, out of flowers
Qiêl khmo
From, out of hills
Tú khmo
From, out of you
Ku khmo sas
From, out of whom

Death before more grammar, please. Please! Please!

But Fhólus, we’ve done all the difficult forms. Next comes the ingeminate case.

Promise never to make fun of your stupid language again! I don’t want to be scribe no longer!

The Ingeminate Case
Level One Suffix
Participles and Personal Pronouns

Sentient animate
Participle
Puîye, Puey
Non
Sentient
Animate
participle
Óqla, flowers
Non
Sentient
Inanimate
Participle
Qiêl, hills
Personal pronoun
Tú, thou
Relativë pronoun

Puîye kae
Being Puey
Óqla pfho
Being flowers
Qiêl pfhu
Being hills
Tú kae
Being thou, yee



That’s it?

Yes, that’s it.

Why you make me write boxes for irrelevant pronouns?

I just want to show Puey that the relative pronoun lacks ingeminate case.

Next time, why not just leave it off?

I just love the symmetry of it.

Next time, could we get a not Artist to create language for us? This all too happy flowery dancy sometimes, and I say that, even though I a silly folk.

The Ergative Case
Level One Suffix
Participles and Personal Pronouns

Sentient animate
Participle
Puîye, Puey
Non
Sentient
Animate
participle
Óqla, flowers
Non
Sentient
Inanimate
Participle
Qiêl, hills
Personal pronoun
Tú, thou
Relativë pronoun

Puîyeyan
Puey did it on purpose
Óqlayan
Flowers set out to do it
Qiêlan
Hills of their own accord
Túyan
Thou, yee on purpose



Once again we have the blank boxes, Empress. Why why why why why!

I just wish to be thorough.

Still not understanding, why these last couple of cases so simple and the vocative and locative were big monster behemoth cases of, without any exaggeration on my part, a billion trillion zenizenizillion forms!

It’s quite simple, Fhólus. Cases such as the construct, ingeminate, ergative, and absolutive have very concrete syntactic properties, and the experiencer case is the basis or foundation of a sentence, but whereas the vocative must have many forms depending upon social circumstances, and since the locative must do the work of placing objects in time and memory and place, it has to have many forms to express that.

I say just one locative form. We call it ththththth (sneeze). Make more sense to me.

We’re almost done. The last case is of course the Absolutive Case.

The Absolutive Case
Level Five Suffix
Personal Pronouns

Sentient animate
Participle
Puîye, Puey
Non
Sentient
Animate
participle
Óqla, flowers
Non
Sentient
Inanimate
Participle
Qiêl, hills
Personal pronoun

Relativë pronoun

Puîye
Happens to Puey
Óqla
Happens to flowers
Qiêl
Happens to hills




Puiyeyùpwar
Happens to Puey
Óqlayùpwar
Happens to a flower
Qielùpwar
Happens to an hill




Puiyeyòjhwa
Happens to more than one Puey
Óqlayòjhwa
Happens to flowers
Qielòjhwa
Happens to hills





That really getting annoying make me draw out those empty boxes like that!

And so you have it Puey, those are the seven cases inflected for their form. And unto these cases we may stack all manner of prefixes and suffixes to denote number and description and focus and, Fhólus, let me have the page back

Puîyos! Your future wife driving me mad! She make me draw too many empty boxes

I just want

And another thing, how come the absolutive case has all these forms identical to the experiencer case? You just trying to confuse me?

But they do different

It’s all a big mess! There’s this inbuilt crazy irregularity of it! There she go! She not even listening to me, she doing the wing thing, that mean she dreaming about you and ignoring the rest of reality.

Let’s just finish this letter

That’s it had it I ain’t no more no scribe! I going

Wait, we have to go and find Aîya and smuggle this letter into the war rede. We’re going to be all dressed up, I’ll dress up as a Vestal Virgin so I’ll have access to the room and you can be my acrobat slave. Now, we’ll have to squeeze into the upper window where Aîya should be waiting for me. I was thinking of creating some smoke and flame as a diversion.

NOOOO! Puîyos, you have to save me!

[rest of letter torn off]