How to Bow in Speech
http://sites.google.com/site/psalmofdreams/Home/introduction-to-babel-grammar/how-to-bow-in-speach
Notebook Entry: How to Bow in Speech
Great Uncle and I have decided to behave for tonight’s grammatical sketch.
Yes, we’re both on our best behavior this night. The reason, of course, my Prince, is that tonight we shall be furthering our discussion on Tlhiêxhrat, on the Humiliative Construction, and because it has the potential to confuse you the divine Prince and I shall be extra cautious in our writing this night. And no silly examples about mochi and candies and kissing.
Yes, we shall try to be extremely clear in our examples. Shall I begin? Two persons writing about grammar in a notebook is quite fun. I suppose I can begin and
Prince, I’ll have you know that the Princess did her grammar dance before bed last night. I am not entirely sure whether you’re going to be preprared for this in your married life. You do know that your wife likes to make up little songs about constructions and words she’s inventing and somehow all combine it into dance. Very, very strange if you ask me.
Do you have to keep embarrassing me in mine own notebook?
Prince, at dinner tonight your intended Wife told the those idiot Pirates and the Traîkhiim slaves, I shall only speak in tlhiêxhra this even, and she was hurling these pronominal prefixes throughout all the night. Every sentence was humbly this and shyly that, and we were all gasping to figure out what the objects and subjects might end up being. She is very weird.
Great-Uncle! Give me that pen
I’m afraid not. I’m still bigger than you. And don’t attempt to intimidate me with your becoming the future Moon Empress. I know you far too well. Why just a few minutes ago you were dancing around the Traîkhiim and trying to explain to them how to replace cases using these pronominal prefixes but that one cannot replace the locative case. I’ve never seen the Traîkhiim thralls so terrified of anything, not war, not their umquhile Qhíng and Aûm masters, not even the blades of sacrifice, no, grammar and a princess dancing out the grammar, it was nothing they had experienced before. I think Aîya gnawed one of her heads off just to get away from her.
Great-Uncle! Stop pulling out pens from your wings! I can’t snatch them all away from you and
I remember when she was tiny and I could pick her up with one wing, and I told her one day she would be too big for me to carry. Alas, she never has grown all that larger. Why I barely even need one wing to hold her away while I write down the truth of what happened in this notebook. Oh the Traîkhiim were terrified at the grammatical explanation. One does feel sorry for Aîya so
Puey, she did not gnaw off her head! Táto is being silly and
Are you sure? Fhólus was contemplating ritual suicide just to get away from you. Oh, Fhèrkifher was the only one able to follow your discussion. If he did start applying himself he could be a scholar, of little renown of course, not nearly of my stature. Perhaps one day I shall write a textbook on the proper care and feeding of naughty little Princesses who run away from home. Oh, divine one, did you want to write in your own notebook?
Are you finished yet? I want to discuss grammar.
Ah. Yes. Of course. Grammar.
Puey loves grammar.
I’m sure he does. Have you invented a word for snickering yet?
Well in the lists above I mentioned xhmìla, those who laugh, a form whch must be related to Xhmíla the name of one of my Mother’s Star Siblings, and with the –qhí- infix one finds the form xhmiqhíla for those who snicker.
Fascinating. Xhmiqhíla xhmiqhíla xhmiqhíla!
Táto!
Crown Prince, when the snowstorm hit our portion of the warfleet, your intended wife was doing her grammar dance in the snow. It was all a prismatic spray of color and personal pronounsand pronominal supplementation.
Shall we continue?
Quite.
Puey, feel free to ignore anything that Great-Uncle says. He can be quite playful sometimes, he does not understand just how important it is for me to explain Babel in all of its glories.
Because it’s your khlìjha, the language of your heart.
Yes.
It’s the I created language to express my love for Puey language. That’s how you say it, right, Khlìjha?
Yes.
Can one inflect that? What does this mean?
Khlijhayòxhwoim pú.
That just means I do or make language.
Perhaps you should translate it as, I create Babel in order to express my heartfelt love for Puey and in a way this is all some calligraphic multilayered love-poem unto him using all of the apparatus of myth and word and dream. I think that would capture the essense of the meaning a little better.
Now you’re just being silly.
I?
Yes. Now I’m cross with you.
I the silly one? I suppose I was silly to let you create all those words all these years. In fact, oh Crown Prince, this is really all my fault, and I do apologuise for this. Had I been a proper guardian unto our little waif ballerina here, I would have burnt the thousands of pages of grammatical material that she had crafted before running away from home for to elope with you. But, alas, I’ve kept it all, every little page, from the cool sophostication of her last years, in bold multicolored tables, to the childish scrawl where she just scribbled down sounds and ideas and played with language. Alas, too indulgent was I.
I want to talk about grammar now.
If you must.
Puey, and please feel free to ignore all of Uncle’s nonsense, he does tend to dodoprate on a bit.
Xhmiqhíla!
Puey my prince, oh boy of my dreams, my one true love, tonight we shall be discussing more of the usage of the pronominal prefixes, and if Great-Uncle starts behaving himself he can help me also. I have thought of a way to conceptualize the level four prefixes. The Dreamtime is quite old, all of our societies are based upon alliances and piety and body language of bowing and nodding and kneeling and kowtowing. I grew up in the holy isolation of the Forbidden Gardens and so was not quite taught when to bow and nod and kneel unto others, although I had a vague notion of being deferential unto mine elders, but as soon as you rescued me from my Father’s Dragons very quickly I started to learn the motions and customs of bowing one unto another. It is not too terribly difficult, and usually I just look around to see what others mine own age are doing and emulate them. In the same way that children learn words of each other and grammatical constructions of their elders, so too they learn how to nod and bow and kneel, and so I had to learn at a very quick pace. I’ve noticed that for just about every else, aside from me and my cousin Ixhúja, bowing and nodding are so natural that they are a part of the rhythm of our speech. I have noticed that almost all of the adults have a perfect and graceful rhythm of speaking and bowing at the same time. The priests are constantly nodding while they read from the prayerbooks and the Holy Writ. The sailors and pirates hawl their solar sails and prepare their knots and yet are still bowing and speaking at the same time. I’ve noticed that when Fhermáta and your Sisters are reading mail out loud that sometimes when they mention your name they bow unto the letter as if their elders Brother were entering, and I’ve noticed a similar reaction to when one mentions an elder, Grandfather Pátifhar gets a great bow, and all of duck down our heads at the mention of Ancestors and the Immortals and my dread Father Kàrijoi who will cease being master of all things once the war is won. In our societies humility both in bowing and in talking is quite important, and yet our societies are so structured that even high priests and the grandfather regent Pátifhar are still subbornate unto someone else, and even my Father must show defference unto his Ancestors and his Parents and the Immortals themselves, and the Immortals have their own echelons and castes and categories that I still cannot possibly guess and may never quite understand.
Well, my love, what bowing is in our everyday life, that is the humiliative construction in Babel. It’s so builded into our language that sometimes we barely even notice it, and so sometimes when I translate words into the grunts and purrs of the Language of Beasts I shall not include a gloss that includes a word such as humble or meek. Although I can understand you and Ixhúja perfectly and have even managed a few utterances in purrs and mews when the spirit so moves me, I do not yet have any fluency in Qtheûnte, and from mine understanding I take it that the wild beasts, perhaps through a lack of individual identification, that they do not mention humility and shyness as often as we Real People do, nor would it fit into the cadence and purr of such a language. Perhaps. Perhaps. But just as we all bow and nod all the times, so too, whenever we need to keep track of extra personal pronouns, whenever we want to make some sentences very clear, whenever we want to draw a constrast between this proximate and that obviative, than we are compelled to described something in a meek or shy fashion, for such is the manner of the Starfolk of the Dreamtime, the Land of Story.
Well writ, my Princess.
Thank you, Great Uncle.
You’re not going to do a little grammar dance, are you?
I don’t think so.
Puîyos, after bathtime she was dancing around in her towel and singing about her love of pronominal prefixes. Very, very weird indeed.
Táto! You don’t have to mention that!
Khni- qha- joi- jii- jei- jo- jao- je- jui! I love Khni- qha- joi- jii- jei- jo- jao- je- jui!
That’s it, I’m leaving!
Ti-, qhu-, ta-, tii-, tei-, to-, tao-, te-, tui! I love Ti-, qhu-, ta-, tii-, tei-, to-, tao-, te-, tui! Now, where did my little one go.
[scribbled across the page]
I’M NOT WRITING ANYMORE!
She’s gone. Ah. Then I suppose I shall have to write tonight’s grammatical sketch myself. I shall be sure to provide proper examples for you, nothing involving pillaging and candies and kissing. Oh, there she is. She’s sitting in the corner and reading a book and pretending to ignore me. She’s done this her entire life, she’ll sulk and want me to watch her sulk, but she won’t actually leave the room. What was that you chanted? No, I’m not writing about you. I’m writing about grammar. No, I won’t tell him about how you started writing grammatical tables upon the Traîkhiim slaves. Oh, you think they’re freedmen now? Of course, my dear. Oh you have words that you share with Puîyos? If they involve kissing I shall not write them down.
She’s still sulking. I’ll draw a large box in honor of the Princess’ love for shiny boxes.
Þe Humiliativë Construccioun
Pronominal Supplementacioun
Þe Humble Construccioun
Oh Cælestial Crown Prince, the level four lrànkhus prefixes have two main purposes, they act as a redundancy pronominal system and to denote that the action of existance of the predicate is experienced in an humble, or meek, or shy, or bashful manner. The Humiliative Construction is not a púr mode of speech, because it is is based upon cases and not upon a new set of affixes for the predicate form of the experiencer. The Humiliative Construction is employed only in the ingaûplo, the primary and presumptive mode, and in jùkhpo, the comment mood. These examples illustrate the humble construction as a redundancy pronominal system.
Princess, would you like to offer up some example sentences?
She’s still sulking, my Prince. Oh just give me some examples and
Here’s what she chanted.
Seîkuxha stélàrejikh Puîye.
Puey bashfully kißes Þe princess.
Xhraûkuxha stélàrejikh tú!
Be humble ond kiß Þe princess!
Ei teir tus joîkuxha jin.
‘Tis you that I humbly kiß.
The prefixes are formally redundant since the above sentences could just as easily have been rewritten as:
Kùxha stélàrejikh Puîye.
Puey kisses the princesses.
Kùxha tsenastélàrejikh Puîye.
Puey kisses the princesss.
Kuxhayétyai stélàrejikh taê tú!
Kiss the princesses!
Kuxhayétyai stélarèjikhing taê tú.
Kiss the princess!
Ei teir tus kùxha jin.
‘Tis you that I kiss.
You will note of course that without the pronominal prefixes the sense of humility is absent, and moreover the number of the object must be known by affixes upon it, stélàrejikh meaning princesses and tsenastélàrejikh and stélarèjikhing meaning the princess.
Wait a moment, that is a completely unacceptable set of examples. Princess! I’m warning you.
She’s sticking out her tounge at me. She’s so very mature for her age. I wonder whether your family knows how mischievous a little grammarian can be. My Prince, since the pronominal prefixes are completely unambiguous as to number, as opposed to participles lacking marked singular forms, and personal pronouns which can, in context, refer to either singular or non-singular, the use of pronominal prefixes as redundancy pronouns can help clarify the clause or sentence.
Jiîjae theupíyàyejikh pú.
I shyly see a maiden.
Jèjae theupíyàyejikh pú.
I shyly see Þe maidens.
Jaê tsenatheupíyàyejikh pú.
I see a maiden.
Jaê theupíyàyejikh pú.
I see maidens. I see a maiden.
The last sentence may be ambiguous as to number, for although theupíya is unmarked as for number and by default is considered plural, if context has already been stablished, theupíya may be considered singular.
However, perhaps one can conclude that even more useful and common then merely serving as a way to keep track of objects and subjects, the construction that denotes humility and meekness and shyness and bashfulness may also absorb the usage of other cases. ‘Tis fairly straightforward for to use, although the logic at first may seem strange. In this particular construction the pronominal supplemtenation system is only used in the xhwèqungong active voice, in the comment mood, and in the presumptive mode. Consider the following examples, the first ones the simple way to express the thought, and the second one using pronominal supplementation. And I shall be composing the sentences myself.
Xhthènteqhe Jaraqtùyutakh Puîyus wtsàtim.
Green Puîyus goeth towards Jaràqtu.
Xhthènteqhe Jaraqtùyutakhh khnuPuîyus khnùwtsatim.
Green ond meek Puîyus goeth towards Jaràqtu.
Eûxi’ eûxi’ ijótlhàyaloi tsenastélar lrún kakaûpa jijíxhe.
Þe nostalgick, singing, laughing princess keeps dancing on Þe whispering mountains.
Eûxi’ eûxi’ ijótlhàyaloi tsenaqhistélar qhìlrún qhikakaûpa qhijijíxhe.
Þe nostalgick, singing, laughing princess keeps bashfully dancing on Þe whispering mountains.
Xá Fhermáta!
Oh Fhermáta!
TiFhermáta tìxú!
Oh humble Fhermáta!
Xá Fhermáta theupíya!
Oh Fhermáta, maiden!
QhuFhermáta qhutheupípa!
Oh Fhermáta, oh humble maiden!
Princess, any other examples you want to offer? I need a predicate, object, and subject. I’m sure that will work.
Khniêr tsenastélàrejikh jakhtàqtaxing.
Þe warrior kißes Þe princess.
Seîkhnier qhistélar jakhtàqtaxing.
Þe warrior humbly kißes Þe princess.
Khniêr tsenastélàrejikh qlín kae jakhtàqtaxing.
Þe warrior kißes Þe princess, a beautiful woman.
Seîkhnier qhistélar qhìqlín jakhtàqtaxing.
Þe warrior humbly kißes Þe princess, a beautiful woman.
Khniêr tsenastélàrejikh qlín thòthoas kae jakhtàqtaxing.
Þe warrior kißes Þe princess, a beautiful woman, thinking about things.
Seîkhnier qhistélar qhìqlín qhìthothoas jakhtàqtaxing.
Þe warrior humbly kißes Þe princess, a beautiful woman, thinking about things.
Khniêr tsenastélàrejikh qlín thòthoas kae jakhtàqtaxing wtsàtim.
Þe green warrior kißes Þe princess, a beautiful woman, thinking about many things.
Khniêr qhitstélar qhìqlín qhìthothoas khnujakhtàqta khnùwtsatim.
Þe green warrior humbly kißes Þe princess, a beautiful woman, thinking about many things.
I don’t much care for such examples. Here’s a good solid example. Grandfather Pátifhar would approve.
Tuinamatája sqánamenàxhmikhh khyeqhiiraswaôring tsenaqúra.
Þe viceroy king gave a stone unto Þe dragon, a stranger.
Seituinamatája khnusqánamen jùkhyeqhiir qúra.
Þe viceroy king shyly gave a stone unto Þe dragon, a stranger.
Tuînamat khnujóloiyòlkha tsenastélar pae lwàngpeja.
Þe peasant gave a jewel unto Þe princess, a friend.
Seituînamat khnukhnujóloi tsenajustélar lwàngpeja.
Þe peasant shyly gave a jewel unto Þe princess, a friend.
Jaê teiqhayijótlha xhroe qírenat pú.
I see Þe Emperor’s whispering mountains.
Fhuîjae qhaoyijótlha qhaoqírenat pú.
I bashfully see Þe Emperor’s whispering mountains.
Usyórim wthárlàxhmikh pú.
I like Þe watren.
Fhuiyusyórim tlhìwthárl pú.
I shyly like Þe watren.
Usyórim teiqhaxhónàxhmikh wthárl pú.
I like Þe rivers’ watren.
Fhuiyusyórim tlhìxhón tlhìwthárl pú.
I meekly like Þe rivers’ watren.
Usyórim xhnalwatwílayòlkha teîqhaxhón wthárl pú.
I like Þe water’s river’s birds.
Fhuiyusyórim qhaotwíla qhaôxhón qhaôwthárl pú.
I humbly like Þe water’s river’s birds.
I remember once when mine Éfhelìnye was quite tiny. She was dancing about in the cottage and singing off a list of new words that she had created. I remember telling her that Language has to be more than just a list of words, there has to be a structure unto it, a way to derive words from others, a way to put the words together in meaningful strings of utterances. She danced about and announced in a dreaming sing-sing voice, Oh! Methinks I shall express the object with a lrànkhus prefix, and perhaps even the subject also. I tried to dissuade her from such an action. Cases should rightly be placed at the end of a participle, I thought, it just seemed more natural, and certainly one should not think to put some sort of object marker at the front. But she insisted and pouted and sulked, a little like she’s doing right now, and through the years she came up with lots of crazy schemes
Yes, Princess, I’m writing about you still. She wants me to read aloud what I’m writing. Fine. I. Shall. Read. Each. Word. That. I. Write. Where was I? Oh yes, you wouldn’t believe the way she tried to justify somehow marking objects and subjects at the beginning of a word. At least when she decided somehow to mark the predicate the construction started to make sense. Sometimes I think she created pronominal supplementation just to make her girlhood dreams of prefixes work unto her.
Do you like what I’m writing? Oh, now she’s ignoring me again, and you by extention.
Oh, what’s that? Ah. She’s telling me to write unto you that she is not ignoring you.
Pronominal Supplemenation is fairly simple. It can only be used for the most basic type of sentence, those of the active voice, in the comment mood, and in the presumptive mode. Thus one does not need to worry about agents and patients as with the complexities of the five plaûfhlong voices, nor the formation of the injuctive and irrealis moods, or the conjugations of the secondary modes, and let me add, Prince Puîyos, that you should be afraid of all of these moods and modes and constructions about to come, it’s just more for you to learn.
Oh, the Princess wants me to write that it’s all completely easy and logic et cet et cet I’m not going to write down all she says. Aren’t you supposed to be sulking? What? You left the notebook with me, I can write anything I like.
One does not use the humiliative construction with any of the verbal forms, nor to form modals. In short, the level four prefixes are used to replace a participle or personal pronoun, with their unmarked relative clauses, in the vocative, experiencer, construct, and ingeminate cases. Tlhiêxhrat pronominal supplementation can also be used to form an alternative possessor construction which, although ambiguous, is usually interpretable through context, plus it can be used to form indirect objects by using the fourth person. In short the prefixes are used to replace the vocative, experiencer, construct, or ingeminate cases, but not the locative case, absolutive case, or the ergative case. The construction always has the connotation of the action or existance of the predicate being undertaken in a bashful, shy, meek, or humble fashion, although sometimes when one tries to frame this in the mews of beasts it is best not to translate it in such a fashion. That’s a rather good summery, don’t you think?
Seiyuxhrelónge qírenàtejikh kú.
He praises Þe cælestial Emperor.
It would be ungrammatical to say:
Seiyuxhrelónge qírenàtejikh.
Praises Þe cælestial Emperor.
Oh wait, the Princess has an opinion. Do I have to write this down? For someone who pretends not to pay attention to me. Fine. Fine. Oh Prince, Éfhelìnye says that a form such as Seiyuxhrelónge qírenàtejikh, Praises Þe cælestial Emperor, may not be ungrammatical, but rather substandard. I’m not entirely sure there’s a difference.
Oh great she’s talking talking talking. When you have the notebook you can write anything you like.
She’s likening it unto poetry. She’s under the delusion that slovenly and inelegant speech may somehow be worthy of her attention. She’s been spending too much time with slaves and pirates if you ask me. Poetry indeed. No, you can’t have the notebook back. My pen! My
[smudges]
My Prince, however when using pronominal supplementation one is able to use the pronominal prefixes without having to specify a personal pronoun as the object or subject. The reason for this is simple. The object or subject personal pronoun is replaced with the appropriate pronominal prefix affixed to a participle.
Joîkhmír teir jin.
Humbly I love you.
Joîkhmír teir khniPuîyus.
Humbly I, Puîyus, love you.
Joîkhmír teir khniPuîyus khnìxhuxurl.
Humbly I, Puîyus, honoring somewhom, love you.
Joîkhmír tistélar jin.
Humbly I love you, a princess.
Joîkhmír tistélar tiyeûxi jin.
Humbly I love you, Þe dancing princess.
Joîkhmír tistélar tiyeûxi khniPuîyus khnìxuxurl.
Humbly I, Puîyus, honoring somewhom, love you, Þe dancing princess.
Please note that
Princess, get your own notebook. You had your chance.
Please note that the actual prefixes of pronominal supplemenation are always placed unto predicate experiencers. The khmuîthno experiencer case is the strongest of all the xhìqhila cases, at the top of the thwòtso hierarchy of cases, and the predicate experiencer is considered the strongest form, as ‘tis the form used for the khlòfhro irrealis mood and for ergative verboids. Are you confused yet, honored Puîyos? Your wife has created quite an eccentric language.
Oh go and sulk somewhere else, Princess.
Xhràkhmír khnistélar!
Humbly love me, Þe princess!
Xhraûkhmír khnustélar!
Humbly love her, Þe princess!
Xhreîkhmír khmistélar!
Humbly love us, Þe princesses!
Xhroâkhmír tlhistélar!
Humbly love them, Þe princesses!
Khwàkhmír khnistélar!
Humbly love me, Þe princess!
Khwaûkhmír khnustélar!
Humbly love hyr, Þe princess!
Khweîkhmír khmistélar!
Humbly love us, Þe princesses!
Khwoâkhmír tlhistélar!
Humbly love them, Þe princesses!
Pronominal Supplementation does not require that the subject of the irrealis be hight, although it may be if so desired.
Xhràkhmír khnistélar tú!
Humbly love me, Þe princess!
Xhraûkhmír khnustélar tú!
Humbly love her, Þe princess!
Xhreîkhmír khmistélar tú!
Humbly love us, Þe princesses!
Xhroâkhmír tlhistélar tú!
Humbly love them, Þe princesses!
Oh Cælestial Crown Prince, let us examine the cases one by one.
Are you going to behave, Princess?
She’s ignoring me.
Vocativë Case:
TiFhermáta tìqí xhthenteqheyájhei xhmir úlaxhéyu tú?
Oh present Fhermáta, are you bashfully going towards Þe tree?
QhùyAyain qhùlyár qhukhníjur!
Oh hopeful, singing, shy Æons!
Takoaselónge tastélar jit!
Oh lover of me, oh meek princess!
Please note, oh future Lord of Earth and Sea and Sky, that vocatives always require duplication. That is, one cannot simply say tiFhermáta! Or qhùyAyain! as a complete sentence. These participle must be accompanied by what would normally be apposition relative caluses, but that in this construction are become predicate experiencers. Also note that these supplementative vocatives lack the rich series of honorifics that normal vocatives have.
Supplementation of the construct case, however, is completely identical in form.
Qhulwánol qhùfhrota!
Oh humble fortreß of Þe book!
Qhulwánol jhìfhrota!
Oh humble fortreß of Þe books!
Jhilwánol qhùfhrota!
Oh humble fortreßes of Þe book!
Jhilwánol jhìfhrota!
Oh humble fortreßes of Þe books!
Tiqúra tityaqája!
Oh meek viceroy king of a slave!
Tiqúra jhityaqája!
Oh meek viceroy king of slaves!
Jhiqúra tityaqája!
Oh meek viceroy kings of a slave!
Jhiqúra jhityaqája!
Oh meek viceroy kings of slaves!
In the hierarchy of cses remember that
Oh the Princess wants me to remind you that she invented the hierarchy of cases. She’s quite proud of it, evidently. Ho-hum. Ah, in the hierarchy of cases remember that neither the vocative nor the locative case may take aspect. The locative case may not be used with pronominal supplementation, but the vocative may. This provides an opportunity for to use aspect with a psuedo-vocative form.
Titwailílayòjhwa tikakaûpa!
Oh humble one who continuest being a bird ond singing!
Titwailílayùpwar tikakaûpa!
Oh humble one who finished being a bird ond singing!
Titwailílayoâqe tikakaûpa!
Oh humble one who art being a bird ond singing!
Titwailílayoâkhwe tikakaûpa!
Oh humble one who art alwey a bird ond singing!
Titwailílayaîpoi tikakaûpa!
Oh humble one who must be a bird ond singing!
Any comments, divine Princess? No? She thinks she’s punishing me by ignoring me. I’m going to continue, then, with the experiencer case, and all the while employ suitable examples for a primer.
Experiencer Case:
Jèkhrejhar okháxeiyòlkha khnijakhtàqta.
I, Þe shy warrior, kill Þe ær plantimals.
Jèkhrejhar okháxeiyòlkha khnijakhtàqta khniyáxha.
I, Þe shy red warrior, kill Þe ær plantimals.
Jèkhrejhar okháxeiyòlkha khnijakhtàqta khniyáxha khnìjhkhér.
I, Þe shy red warrior, protecting someone, kill Þe ær plantimals.
Tèkhrejhar okháxeiyòlkha qhujakhtàqta.
You, Þe shy warrior, kill Þe ær plantimals.
Tèkhrejhar okháxeiyòlkha qhujakhtàqta qhuyáxha.
You, Þe shy red warrior, kill Þe ær plantimals.
Tèkhrejhar okháxeiyòlkha qhujakhtàqta qhuyáxha qhùjhkhér.
You, Þe shy red warrior, protecting someone, kill Þe ær plantimals.
Sèkhrejhar okháxeiyòlkha khnujakhtàqta.
He, Þe shy warrior, kills Þe ær plantimals.
Sèkhrejhar okháxeiyòlkha khnujakhtàqta khnuyáxha.
He, Þe shy red warrior, kills Þe ær plantimals.
Sèkhrejhar okháxeiyòlkha khnujakhtàqta khnuyáxha khnùjhkhér.
He, Þe shy red warrior, protecting somewhom, kills Þe ær plantimals.
Fhuîkhrejhar okháxeiyòlkha tlhijakhtàqta xhnoipe jiestélar.
Þe warrior ond the princess shyly kill Þe ær plantimals.
Fhuîkhrejhar okháxeiyòlkha tlhijakhtàqta tlhiyáxha xhnoipe jiestélar jiêwtsatim.
Þe red warrior ond Þe green princess shyly kill Þe ær plantimals.
Fhuîkhrejhar okháxeiyòlkha tlhijakhtàqta tlhiyáxha tlhìjhkhér jiestélar jiêwtsatim jieyújar.
Þe red warrior, protecting someone, ond Þe green, thinking princess shyly kill Þe ær plantimals.
Still no response, my Princess? Very well then. Puîyos, oh rising Sun, postjectives that modify the main predicate experiencer do not take pronominal supplementation. The reason is quite simple, for if they did there would be no way to distinguish their meaning from a following construct or construct ingeminte phrase.
Khniyéjar akhlíse khnixhmárot.
I, Þe great one, humbly speak, while weeping.
Qhuyéjar akhlíse qhuxhmárot.
You, Þe great one, humbly speakest, while weeping.
Khnuyéjar akhlíse khnuxhmárot.
He, Þe great one, humbly speaks, while weeping.
Khmiyéjar akhlíse khmìxhmár.
We, great ones, humbly speak, while weeping.
Jhiyéjar akhlíse jhìxhmár.
You, great ones, humbly speak, while weeping.
Tlhiyéjar akhlíse tlhìxhmár.
They, great ones, humbly speak, while weeping.
If the Princess does not object, I shall venture out unto the construct case. In order to use the construct construction with pronominal supplementation, one must first use a pronominal prefix of the joi- or ta- series, that is a prefix that indicates both object and subject, and then to indicate the thèngpo construct case a prefix of the khni- series, that is one which only indicates a subject.
Jiixhùrnamat qhikhnujóloi pú.
I humbly eat Þe jewel.
Tiixhùrnamat qhikhnujóloi tú.
You humbly eat Þe jewel.
Seixhùrnamat qhikhnujóloi kú.
He humbly eats Þe jewel.
Khniîxhórn qhikhnujóloi kepu.
We humby eat Þe jewel.
Jhiîxhórn qhikhnujóloi tú.
You humbly eat Þe jewel.
Fhiîxhórn qhikhnujóloi kú.
They humbly eat Þe jewel.
Jiixhùrnamat lreîxemat qhikhnujóloi pú.
I, reading, humbly eat Þe jewel.
Tiixhùrnamat lreîxemat qhikhnujóloi tú.
You, reading, humbly eat Þe jewel.
Seixhùrnamat lreîxemat qhikhnujóloi kú.
He, reading, humbly eats Þe jewel.
Khniîxhórn lreîxe qhikhnujóloi kepu.
We, reading, humbly eat Þe jewel.
Jhiîxhórn lreîxe qhikhnujóloi tú.
You, reading, humbly eat Þe jewel.
Fhiîxhórn lreîxe qhikhnujóloi kú.
They, reading, humbly eat Þe jewel.
Jiîkhmír qhatheupíya pú.
I humbly love Þe maiden.
Jèkhmír tlhitheupíya pú.
I humbly love Þe maidens.
Tiîkhmír qhatheupíya tú.
You humbly love Þe maiden.
Tèkhmír tlhitlheupíya tú.
You humbly love Þe maidens.
Oh Crown Prince, please not that in this construction one may only employ a single construct with the predicate experiencer. One could not say, for instance, Jekhmír khnutheupíyayontet khnuyáxha qhikhnujóloi qhiwtsatim pú. One must use, rather, the normal construction to denote multiple objects by repeating the predicate.
Jiikhmíràxhwa theupíyayejikh áxha kae yontet jeikhmíràxhwa khnujóloiyùlkha wtsàtim pfhu pú.
I both bashfully love Þe red maiden ond Þe green jewel.
What’s that? The Divine Princess speaketh. Ah. She just wishes to inform me that she has not taught you how to express more than one object in a clause, or at least more than one object modified by the construct case. Ah, what fun you shall have, my Prince! Be very, very afraid of how difficult this construction will be!
Oh great, now she’s angry with me. She keeps thinking that I’m going to scare you away even though Language is completely simple in her view. I don’t have to write all this down, do I? Oh now she’s grabbing the book and
Puey I don’t want you to be scared by what Great-Uncle is writing. He’s been teasing me terribly all day. I myself shall teach you every jot, tiddle, and nuance of language. We shall have years to experience it all together. I would tell you be not afraid, but I know that a brave warrior like you are not possibly afeared of something as trivial as multiple objects unto a single clause or sentence.
Divine one, I have a question for you.
Are you going to mock me?
Of course not. Why would I do that? Oh, and I washed your plush plantimals today for you and made your bed all nice and neat, and I mended your socks and stitched prime numbers down the side of one. Does the crown Prince know that sometimes you can’t sleep at night unless all you’ve distracted yourself with numbers and words? Does he know you still like to sleep with plush toys about you?
I don’t care what you’re saying. I want the notebook back.
I have a serious question. Why is that sometimes you disagree with the traditional grammarians when they deam one utterance to be ungrammatical, and othertimes you agree. For instance:
Jiîkhmír stélàrejikh.
Love the princess
Why is it that you say that the above may be substandard or poetic, but not exactly grammatical, but that the following:
Jekhmír khnutheupíyayontet khnuyáxha qhikhnujóloi qhiwtsatim pú.
?? I both bashfully love Þe red maiden ond Þe green jewel.
Actually is ungrammatical.
Well, Great-Uncle Táto, thank you for allowing me to clarify the thought and let me write in mine own notebook. The difference between the two examples is actually very profound. For instance, one actually does hear Jiîkhmír stélàrejikh or some other similar sentence wherein the subject must logically be known but which is just left off. One hears it in everyday conversation, it even becomes a part of some of our songs, and there are even a couple of examples of it in the Holy Writ when dialogue is introduced. It does sound strange, it sounds hurried, but it’s understandable and above all it is actually the way that some folk talk under certain circumstances. Why I think that if we looked through some of the diaologue that you and I are scribbling through these pages, we shall find that not every sentence has the fully subject at the end of it. Indeed, one usually would say Jiîkhmír stélàrejikh óxing poa, Perhaps I love the princess or Jiîkhmír stélàrejikh poxhing, I, a male, love the princess. But we certainly understand the sentence without the subject. I think that if we were to delve deeper into Babel we would find that for pragmatic reasons that the first person singular personal pronoun is the default subject or agent or topic of a phrase. Why many times we naturally assume that a my or mine lies somewhere in the clause even when we don’t mention it. If I say qráyìngte I may mean my or our mothers or mother, but if I put it say in the singular absolutive case, qráyingteyùpwar I think it more often means my mother. Many times when I try to translate Babel into the language of beasts I find myself specifying time and possession which are not so marked in the original.
Good explanation, quite thorough. But the other example.
The difference is this: Men say Jiîkhmír stélàrejikh, but men never say something like Jekhmír khnutheupíyayontet khnuyáxha qhikhnujóloi qhiwtsatim pú. Even children and Traîkhiim who are masters of Gibberish still follow their own internal rules, and one fundamental rule of Babel is that multiple modified objects require for the predicate to be repeated. It it just how language works. It is a natural byproduct of the hierarchy of cases. The first example I deam to be trèti, grammatical, because it is actually spoken by Real People and understood by them, but the second example I deam to be tretìyaxúng because it is surely never spoken by anyone at all, and in fact I doubt anyone aside from some odd grammarians would even try to ascribe it meaning. I should quality never of course, I’m sure someone has chanted it, but it is not in the realm of utterances understandable by most of the loquent Original People.
I like that explanation. You are, though, setting traditional grammar on its head, for our textbooks decry both examples as equally tretìyaxúng. But you are argueing that the first one has some value because it is actually how one communicates in some circumstances. An interesting thought, that. Shall we continue onto the ingeminate case?
Jiixhùrnamat qhikhnujóloi qhiyáxha pú.
I humbly eat Þe red jewel.
Tiixhùrnamat qhikhnujóloi qhiyáxha tú.
You humbly eatest Þe red jewel.
Seixhùrnamat qhikhnujóloi qhiyáxha kú.
He humbly eats Þe red jewel.
Khniîxhórn qhikhnujóloi qhiyáxha kepu.
We humbly eat Þe red jewel.
Jhiîxhórn qhikhnujóloi qhiyáxha tú.
You humbly eat Þe red jewel.
Fhiîxhórn qhikhnujóloi qhiyáxha kú.
They humbly eat Þe red jewel.
Jiixhùrnamat lreîxemat qhikhnujóloi qhixhmárot pú.
I, reading, humbly eat Þe great jewel.
Tiixhùrnamat lreîxemat qhikhnujóloi qhixhmárot tú.
You, reading, humbly eat Þe great jewel.
Seixhùrnamat lreîxemat qhikhnujóloi qhixhmárot kú.
He, reading, humbly eats Þe great jewel.
Khniîxhórn lreîxe qhikhnujóloi qhixhmárot kepu.
We, reading, humbly eat Þe great jewel.
Jhiîxhórn lreîxe qhikhnujóloi qhixhmárot tú.
You, reading, humbly eat Þe great jewel.
Fhiîxhórn lreîxe qhikhnujóloi qhixhmárot kú.
They, reading, humbly eat Þe great jewel.
Jiîkhmír qhitheupíya qhìlrún qhijijíxhe pú.
I humbly love Þe nostalgick laughing maiden.
Jèkhmír tlhitheupíya tlhìlrún tlhijiîxhe pú.
I humbly love Þe nostalgick laughing maidens.
Tiîkhmír qhitheupíya qhìlrún qhijijíxhe tú.
You humbly love Þe nostalgick laughing maiden.
Tèkhmír tlhitlheupíya tlhìlrun tlhijiîxhe tú.
You humbly love Þe nostalgick laughing maidens.
Shall I write the little warning, my Princess?
And what warning is that?
Whenever we give examples we always have to warn Puîyos about the exception but not to worry because it’s not as difficult as it seems.
Let me write it, I am after all the qiníqhalonèsqi, the glossopoeist responsible for all this grammatical jumble. Puey, please note that with the ingeminate case and construct case there can be some ambiguity as to the meaning because it can be translated either as a single construct phrase or as a possessive construction. Part of the fun of pronominal supplementation is that it allows us to do away with the normal singular markings of tsena- and –ing as well as the construct case and just let the predicate do the work in a rather elegant fashion, however, the elegance also means that the sentences must always be interepreted in context.
Context, though, must be the only way that language can be tested, my Princess.
I shall endeaver to create examples worthy of your approval, Great-Uncle.
Jiixhùrnamat qhikhnujóloi qhiyáxha pú.
I humbly eat Þe red jewel.
I humbly eat Þe red thing’s jewels.
Tiixhùrnamat qhikhnujóloi qhiyáxha tú.
You humbly eat Þe red jewel.
You humbly eat Þe red thing’s jewels.
Jiixhùrnamat lreîxemat qhikhnujóloi qhixhmárot pú.
I, reading, humbly eat Þe great jewel.
I, reading, humbly eat Þe great thing’s jewel.
Tiixhùrnamat lreîxemat qhikhnujóloi qhixhmárot tú.
You, reading, humbly eat Þe great jewel.
You, reading, humbly eat Þe great thing’s jewels.
Jiîkhmír qhitheupíya qhìlrún qhijijíxhe pú.
I humbly love Þe nostalgick laughing maiden.
I humbly love Þe laughing one’s nostalgick one’s maiden.
Jèkhmír tlhitheupíya tlhìlrún tlhijiîxhe pú.
I humbly love Þe nostalgick laughing maidens.
I humbly love Þe laughing ones’ nostalgick ones’ maidens.
Tiîkhmír qhitheupíya qhìlrún qhijijíxhe tú.
You humbly love Þe nostalgick laughing maiden.
You humbly love Þe laughing one’s nostalgick one’s maiden.
Tèkhmír tlhitlheupíya tlhìlrun tlhijiîxhe tú.
You humbly love Þe nostalgick laughing maidens.
You humbly love Þe laughing ones’ nostalgick one’s maidens.
Áxha tlhitwíla tlhityaqája.
Þe slaves’ birds are bashful ond red.
Fhuiyeîtlhir tlhikhnujóloi tlhiQírenat kú.
They meekly carried Þe Emperor’s jewels.
My love, the possessive construction as you can see is formed in the exact same way. I shall explain to you later how to form the possessive construction. It’s not that difficult. Trust me.
Tlhitneûfhta qhiyÉfhelìnye tei.
‘Tis Éfhelìnye’s shy eyen.
Qhiqráyiîngta qhiyÉfhelìnye tei.
‘Tis Éfhelìnye’s shy mother.
Jiîjae khnu koe jhujhútha khnuyÉfhelìnye púsa.
I myself shyly see a drop of Éfhelìnye’s blood.
Jiîjae khnu khyèxhro khnuyÉfhelìnye púsa.
I myself shyly see Éfhelìnye’s ancestor.
Xhthènteqhe khnu qir lwánol khnu Qírenat Puîyus.
Puîyus shyly goeth into Þe Emperor’s castle.
Xhthènteqhe qhao qir lwánol qhao qúra Puîyus.
Puîyus shyly goeth into Þe viceroy kings’ castlen.
My beloved Puey, the pronominal prefixes as you have noticed have two forms for the third person subject lacking an object, khnu- and qhi- for the singular and tlhi- and qhao- for the plural. This is very useful since these double forms can be used to disambiguate a construct or possessive construction, and a subject and its adjunts. This is rather akin to Babel’s having multiple focus particles, -axhwa and +xhmoe as well as the gendered -anwa/enwe/inwi/ojhwo/ujhwu, which in some constructions can be used to disambiguate a construction. The the following example you will see how just by changing the third person forms one can change the meaning of a sentence without changing any other grammatical function.
Seîkhmír khnustélar qhìkhnier qhiyeûxi qhilreîxemat qhikhníjur qhìwtsatim qhiPuîyus.
Kißing, dancing, reading, singing, green Puîyus humbly loves Þe princess.
Seîkhmír khnustélar khnùkhnier qhiyeûxi qhilreîxemat qhikhníjur qhìwtsatim qhiPuîyus.
Dancing, reading, singing, green Puîyus humbly loves Þe kißing princess.
Seîkhmír khnustélar khnùkhnier khnuyeûxi qhilreîxemat qhikhníjur qhìwtsatim qhiPuîyus.
Reading, singing, green Puîyus humbly loves Þe kißing, dancing princess.
Seîkhmír khnustélar khnùkhnier khnuyeûxi khnulreîxemat qhikhníjur qhìwtsatim qhiPuîyus.
Singing, green Puîyus humbly loves Þe kißing, dancing, reading princess.
Seîkhmír khnustélar khnùkhnier khnuyeûxi khnulreîxemat khnukhníjur qhìwtsatim qhiPuîyus.
Green Puîyus humbly loves Þe kißing, dancing, reading, singing princess.
And on a final note, my love, plase note that after a third person pronominal prefix that the fourth person may be used as an indirect object rather than inflecting it into the locative case with a form of -aswaor, xhmir_, -xhmi, +so, pae. This construction is never used in the sence of habēre, to have, but just for the indirect object. The prefix upon the main predicate experiencer must indicate a third person object in order for this construction to be understood.
Here are some examples of normal indirect objects in the second person:
Tuînamat xhmuptayàxhmikh túxhmi pú.
I give gold to you, my friend.
Jiituînamat qhixhmùpta túxhmi pú.
I meekly give gold to you, my friend.
Did you notice how in the translation I just added my friend, even though there is no púxhrejor or jana- in the original text? Anyway, here are examples of fourth person indirect objects using pronominal supplementation.
Jiituînamat qhixhmùpta jùkhyeqhiir pú.
I meekly give gold to Þe dragon.
Jiîtuînamat qhixhmùpta jiêkhyeqhir pú.
I meekly give gold to Þe dragons.
Xhrautuînamat qhixhmùpta jùkhyeqhiir!
Meekly give gold to Þe dragon!
Xhrautuînamat qhixhmùpta jiêkhyeqhiir!
Meekly give gold to Þe dragons!
Schematically one may almost represent it in terms of a mathatical chart as follows:
Jii·X
Tii·X
Sei·X
Khyii·X
Khnii·X
Jhii·X
Fhii·X
Khrii·X
Je·X
Te·X
Se·X
Khye·X
Khne·X
Jhe·X
Fhui·X
Khre·X
Xhrau·X
Khwau·X
Xhroa·X
Khwoa·X
Khnenii·X
Khnene·X
Senui·X
Fhenui·X
For Þe main predicate experiencer.
Khnu·Y
Qhi·Y
Tlhi·Y
Qhao·Y
For Þe predicate experiencer used as construct case.
Ju·Z
Jie·Z
For Þe predicate experiencer used as an indirect object.
I’m going to draw a box now
Putting it all Together
Why the Humiliative Construction
Is not used with
The locative, absolutive, and ergative case
The Humiliative Construction is a poëtick way to use the pronominal prefixes for to replace the experiencer, vocative, construct, and ingeminate cases:
Experiencer:
Khniêr tsenastélàrejikh axhúxha kae jakhtàqtaxing aîPuîye’ aîfhrokaot.
Þe warrior kißes Þe purple princess, oh wise Puey!
Seîkhnier tsenastélàrejikh axhúxha kae qhijakhtàqtaxing aîPuîye’ aîfhrokaot.
Þe warrior humbly kißes Þe purple princess, oh wise Puey!
Vocative:
Khniêr tsenastélàrejikh axhúxha kae jakhtàqtaxing aîPuîye’ aîfhrokaot.
Þe warrior kißes Þe purple princess, oh wise Puey!
Khniêr tsenastélàrejikh axhúxha kae jakhtàqtaxing tiPuîye tìfhrokaot.
Þe warrior humbly kißes Þe purple princess, oh wise Puey!
Construct ond Ingeminate:
Khniêr tsenastélàrejikh axhúxha kae jakhtàqtaxing aîPuîye’ aîfhrokaot.
Þe warrior kißes Þe purple princess, oh wise Puey!
Seîkhnier qhistélar qhiyaxhúxha jakhtàqtaxing aîPuîye’ aîfhrokaot.
Þe warrior humbly kißes Þe purple princess, oh wise Puey!
Pronominal supplemenation is not just used in telick clauses as those expressed above, may it may also be used in volitional and non-volitional clauses also. That is the reason why the prefixes cannot be used to take the place of the locative case, the absolutive case, or the ergative case, because those three cases are needed to express volition or lack thereof. The object and subject of volitional sentences as we have learned is mapped out in a slightly different way, sometimes the subject must be in a form of the locative case, othertimes ergative. All we need to do is use pronominal supplementation for the types of sentences that I introduced before when listing the different types of sentences. Remember that both the ergative and absolutive cases are used for particples, but that personal pronouns can take the ergative case but they completely lack the absolutive case. Relative pronouns lack both the ergative and absolutuve cases. And so I shall reaquaint you with voliotional sentences as well as some sentences which use use the dative form of the locative case for the subject. So in a way this will all be review, but we’ll be adding the pronominal prefixes to these sentences.
Ergativë Case:
·an
The volitional subject for any predicate, transitive/ditransitive or stative/instransitive.
The subject performs the action or exists in the state on purpose, not by accident, or it set out to do this and succeeded or meant to do or be this.
Seîkhnier stélarùpwar tsenajakhtàqtayan
Þe warrior humbly kißes Þe princess and meant to.
Sexhùrnamat sqakhanòjhwa twailílayan.
Þe bird humbly ate Þe scurrying rocks on purpose.
Absolutivë Case:
·0 (singular or plural)
·upwar (singular)
·ojhwa (plural)
The subject of any stative or intransitive predicate that does not have an aspect suffix upon it
The object of a transitive or ditransitive predicate in a volitional or non-volitional clause.
Khnuxhthènteqhe’ úlaxhéyùyutakh lwangpejayùpwar.
Þe peasant humbly goeth towards Þe tree.
Jiilreîxemat úqeiyùpwar púyan.
I humbly read Þe book.
Xhmir +
·aswaor
+ so
+ pae
Forms of Þe locativë case aßociated with Þe dative
The subject for such predicates denoting emocioun, such as happy, sad, angry, confus’d or a sensacioun such as hot, cold, wet, dry, and being tired.
Qhiyojuxújor qlínàswaor.
Þe beautiful ond bashful woman is afraid.
Khmìkalot tsena xhmir óqla.
Þe flower is cold ond meek.
Xhlir +
·epakh
+ ser
+ sae
Forms of Þe locativë case
Aßociated with Þe instrumental
The subject for such predicates denoting percepcioun such as seeing, hearing, touching, tasting, smelling, remnembering, ond dreaming
The subject for non-volitional clauses or sentences, for to show that the subject performs Þe action by accident, not on purpueypose, or did not set out to do this, that it chanced for to happen.
Sèjae talqànxha Puiyùsepakh.
Puîyus humbly sees Þe air living ships.
Qhifhteîmat khyèqhiir sae xing.
Þe dragon humbly dreams about something.
Sexhùrnamat sqakhanòjhwa xhlir twailíla.
Þe shy bird ate Þe scurrying rocks by accident.
·exhyeu
Replaces a purpueypose clause or forms of Þe injunctivë mood denoting intention
Qhixhthènteqhe qielùtakhing Puîye lrúnèxhyeu.
Puey humbly wended to Þe hill to be nostalgick.
Qhikakaûpa jakhtàqtaxing khnierèxhyeu tsenastélàrejikh.
Þe warrior wæs humbly singing intending to kiß Þe princess.
In the examples above I have used the forms kàlot, those who are cold, ftoh, bur, and Fhteî, fhteîmat, those who dream someone or something, nad Fhteî is one of our names for Our Heart Marghvran. I will note that even though I chanted that this was all review for you, for I had already introduced volitionality unto you, the use of the suffix –exhyeu as I charted it above is a little different to its usually formation of purpose clauses. I suppose that pronominal supplementation plus –exhyeu may be a unique construction.
Before we can put together all that we’ve learned about pronominal supplemenation, I think that I should write a little about the Ergative Case and Absolutive Case.
I shall draw a box for you, my love.
The Ergative Case and the Absolutive Case
!!!
Hurray, Princess
That is quite an attractive box, Great-Uncle Táto.
Thank you.
Now I’m going to write something which may upset a traditional grammarian like unto yourself.
Oh dear. Go ahead.
It is our traditional view, the ancient custom of the Wise, that Babel does not have a fully developed ergative case and absolutive case. The reason for this traditional view is twofold. When compared to say the locative or the vocative case, the ergative and the absolutive are quite paltry, the ergative just ends in –an while the absolutive may be left unmarked or with the addition of -upwar/ojhwa. The second reason is that the ergative case is almost exclusively used for volitional clauses, and the absolutive case tends to get lost in the experiencer case. Great-Uncle, would you be so kind as to recite the traditional view?
Of course, my love. Babel is an active-stative language which useth accusitive construction for to express omnivolitionality and ergative constructions for volitionality.
That I find true.
Babel has some marginal absolutive constructions.
Marginal? I think not.
Only participles have both an ergative and a jèxhle absolutive case. Personal pronouns have an ergative ending ending in –an, while relative pronouns lack both the ergative and the absolutive.
That is true, that’s just an observation rather than an unproven theory.
But all in all, Babel does not have a fully developed ergative and absolutive case.
That’s absolutely false! We use those cases all the time, they’re just not as loud and goofy as the locative and vocative cases! They’re mischievous cases, while the ergative and absolutive are far better behaved.
Princess, you’re the only person in history who has e'er ascribed the terms goofy or loud or mischievous and behaved in terms of grammar.
And so now I shall mention my theory. The old truth was that the ergative and absolutive were the unwanted younger siblings of the family. I disagree. I think that these cases have been with us all the while and just before our faces. For when we were children and spake Gibberish amongst ourselves we used both the ergative and absolutive cases, and later on adult units tend to forget that. So my theory is that the ergative and absolutive cases were carried o'er from our Gibberish forms and retained in Babel proper.
The form of Babel that is called Gibberish has an ergative and absolutive declension that works in thiswise:
Sentient·animate, non·sentient animate marked
Non·sentient inanimate marked
Sentient animate, non·sentient animate unmarked singular
Sentient animate, non·sentient animate unmarked plural
Non sentient inanimate unmarked singular
Non sentient inanimate unmarked plural
Ergativë
·an
–
·an
·aithan
–
–
Absolutivë
–
–
–
·aitha
–
·ujhu
And so in Gibberish one can say something like unto:
Kùxhayoi xhnènoyan.
Þe friend kißed someone.
Another reason that we cannot confine the ergative and absolutive cases to the youngest members of the family is that Babel has a small number of participles that have their own and slightly irregular declension that include an ergative case and absolutive case. These special forms all denote the concept of someone or something’s being remembered, being elegant, and being exceptional. There are only about thirty of these participles in existance, and yet one cannot just ignore them in terms of linguistic analysis. Here are a couple of them:
Jéros (ergativë plural), jéroas (absolutivë plural), jéroit (jéroik·) (predicate experiencer plural); jérinos (ergativë singular), jérinoas (absolutivë singular), jérinoit (jérinoik·) (predicate experiencer singular), remembered, elegant, exceptional philologists, pükavans.
Tòrthwan (ergativë plural), tòrthwi (absolutivë plural), tòrthwoing (predicate experiencer plural); toraîthwu (ergativë singular), toraîthwuni (absolutivë singular), toraîthwunoing (predicate experiencer singular), remembered, elegant, exceptional friends, dear·hearts
Thus one says:
Khniêr toraîthwuni jérinos.
Þe elegant philologist kißes Þe exceptional friend.
The elegant philologist set out to kiss the exceptional friend.
Khniêr tòrthwi jéros.
Þe elegant philologists kiß Þe exceptional friends.
The elegant philologists kiss the exceptional friends on purpose.
Khniêr jérinoas toraîthwu.
Þe remembered dear·friend kißes Þe elegant philologist.
The remembered dear-friend kissed and meant to kiss the elegant philogist.
Khniêr jéroas tòrthwan.
Þe remembered dear·friends kiß Þe elegant philologists.
The remembered dear-friends kissed the elegant philologists and meant to.
In the above sentences I have not translated them in both in terms of volitional and without volition just to give you an idea of the versitality of the meaning. With those particlar participles the idea of elegance and being remembered certainly implies an amount of volition. Now the above are all perfectly simple forms of Babel. However, for the rest of the utterances in Babel, not using the Gibberish forms, and not using those thirty-odd forms of elagance, one does not use the Gibberish inflexions for the khlèton ergative case or the absolutive case, one has to use the regular Babel forms for the two forgotten cases.
The declension as you have seen is very simple. The ergative case ends in –an and that ending is considered a level one suffix. The absolutive case can be left unmarked just like the experiencer case is with an unmarked level one suffix, or it may take the suffix –upwar for the singular and –ojhwa for the plural. The suffixes –upwar and –ojhwa are also level five suffixes that denote aspect, and this usage shall be discussed below:
·an Ergativë Case
·0 Absolutivë Case (singular ør plural)
·upwar Absolutivë Case (singular)
·ojhwa Absolutivë Case (plural)
In pronominal supplementation the pronoun prefixes must be affixed to the predicate. The ergative case is used for the subject of transitive or ditransitive predicate participles when one wishes to express volitionality.
Khnujhkhuyéri lwangpèjayan.
Þe small farmer humbly loves somewho as he meant to.
Khnùjhkhér lwánòlaning.
Þe castle wæs humbly protecting someone as it was meant to do.
Seipeyàmpumat óqla’ okháxeîyaning.
Þe bird wæs humbly protecting Þe flower as it was meant to do.
Setnarjhwèkhmat tsàtlhis tyaqájayan.
Þe slave humbly put Þe jewel somewhither and meant to do so.
Fhuiyújar úlaxhei twílayan.
Þe birds humbly think about Þe trees as it meant to do.
In some of the examples above I have strove to express the idea that even non-sentient creatures and inanimate objects can take the ergative case, for a sentient Real Person can certainly make a castle that was meant to protect someone, and a creature has will, as you well know,my love, as well as instinct, and someone can be ordered to do something and still carry it out. The ergative case can be used with any type of predicate participle to denote that the action takes place on purpose and not by accident.
Tlhithekerùjhwu xhnoipe tlhitlhijhwayùjhwu talqànxhayan.
Þe meek cruisren were both leaping about ond pfalling on purpose.
Seiqyèkhen qúra theupíyayan.
Þe shy maiden struck Þe king on purpose.
Seîtsefheir sqánamen qírènatan.
Þe emperor humbly carried Þe stone on purpose.
Khnùqifhis wtháyan.
Þe meek person never did anything on purpose.
Now, one can express the idea of intentionality with the level eight suffix -onyi, and so the above examples, without the pronominal prefixes can be recast as:
Thekerùjhwu xhnoipe tlhijhwayùjhwu talqànxhayònyii.
Þe cruisers were both leaping about ond falling on purpose.
Qyekhenònyii qúra theupíya.
Þe maiden struck Þe king on purpose.
Tsefheirònyii sqánamen qírenat.
Þe emperor carried Þe stone on purpose.
Qifhisònyii wthá.
Þe person never did anything on purpose.
The level eight suffix –onyi will be very important later on because there are some constructions which simply do not use the ergative case, such as to express to have, and so one must use this suffix to express volition.
The jèxhle absolutive case may be left unmarked, just like the experiencer case, or one my use the level five suffix –upwar for the singular and –ojhwa for the plural. The absolutive case is used for the subject of an intransitive or stative predicate or the object or a transitive or ditransitive predicate. Remember, my dearest, that you see the subject of a stative or intransitive predicate and you see no case marking upon it whatsoever, it must be absolutive.
Qhìwtsatim stélar.
Qhìwtsatim stélarùpwar.
Þe princess is green ond meek.
Qhaôwtsát stélar.
Qhaôwtsát stélaròjhwa.
Þe princesses are green ond meek.
Qhiyuxhrelónge’ untèkhmat.
Qhiyuxhrelónge’ untekhmatùpwar.
Þe governer wæs humbly praising someone.
Qhaoyùxhra’ ùntekh.
Qhaoyùxhra’ untekhòjhwa.
Þe governers were humbly praising someone.
Seiyojuxújor ojótlha tsenayokháxeîyan.
Seiyojuxújor ojótlhayùpwar tsenayokháxeîyan.
Þe shy bird fears Þe cloud.
Fhuiyojuxújor ojótlha’ okháxeîyan.
Fhuiyojuxújor ojótlhayòjhwa’ okháxeîyan.
Þe shy birds fear Þe clouds.
Seitnarjhwèkhmat tsatlhisènxha’ únèqheyan.
Seitnarjhwèkhmat tsatlhisenxhayùpwar únèqheyan.
Þe person humbly paints Þe jewel.
Setnàrjhwekh tsàtlhis únèqheyan.
Setnàrjhwekh tsatlhisòjhwa’ únèqheyan.
Þe person humbly paints Þe jewels.
Seitlhìkhpen fhaîrotu stélaran.
Seitlhìkhpen fhairotuyùpwar stélaran.
Þe priness humbly putteth Þe book somewhither.
Setlhìkhpen fhròta stélaran.
Setlhìkhpen fhrotayòjhwa stélaran.
Þe princess humbly putteth Þe books somewhither.
Setlhìkhpen fhrotàyatlhiess stélaran.
Setlhìkhpen fhrotayojhwàyatlhiess stélaran.
Þe princess humbly putteth Þe scattered books somewhither.
Since the suffixes –upwar and –ojhwa are level five suffixes, suffixes of a smaller gradient may be slipped between them.
Seîkhmír fhairotuyenyunùpwar stélaran.
Þe shy princess loves Þe sparkling book.
Suîkhmír fhrotayalrakhòjhwa stélaran.
Þe shy princess loves Þe red beek.
Babel Grammarians have either ignored the fact that the absolutive endings are also aspect endings or just called them a coincidence. But I think that the reason that the aspect suffixes can be used to denote singular and plural is because sometimes the nature of the participle and its object imply a weak aspectual force. For instance:
Lreîxemat fhaîrotu xhroe pú.
I read Þe book.
This sentence imples a weak perfect aspect because the object is singular, and thus the action of this sentence in some way can be completed. However, aspect may be explicitly denoted upon the sentence.
Lreixematùpwart fhaîrotu xhroe pú.
I finished reading Þe book.
Lreixamatòjhwat fhaîrotu xhroe pú.
I continue to read Þe book.
Lreîxemat fhròta xhroe pú.
I read Þe books.
Now this sentence implies a weak imperfect aspect because the object is plural, and therefore the action of the sentence is in some way not yet completed. However, aspect may still be explicitly denoted upon the sentence.
Lreixematùpwart fhròta xhroe pú.
I finished reading Þe books.
Lreixamatòjhwat fhròta xhroe pú.
I continue to read Þe books.
Therefore in the humiliative construction –upwar can denote the absolutive singular, and –ojhwa the absolutive plural.
Seîkuxha theupíyayùpwar khyèqhiir.
Þe dragon humbly kißes Þe maiden.
Sèkuxha theupíyayòjhwa khyèqhiir.
Þe dragon humbly kißes Þe maidens.
Heofonliċ Princess, I suppose now it’s time to start mentioning the locative expressions with emotions.
Jam temp’ está, my Great-Uncle, mia praonĉjo. Oh Puey, my beloved, in an earlier section I noted that the locative case may be used with the particles xhmir+, -aswaor, +so, and +pae as the subject of a predicate thae denotes an emotion such as happy, sad, angry, confused or certain sensations such as hot, cold, wet, dry and tired. It should be noted that these particular type of sentences are quite often expressed with pronominal supplemenation, but othertimes not, so I thought it best to introduce them all at the same time. I suppose these particular emotions and sensations have something humble inherently about them, and the grammar likes to make that explicit.
Uxeûxujo púxhmi.
I eam happy.
Tlhìntril Puiyusàswaor.
Puîyus is sad.
Tsùnu khwún so.
Þe friends are angry.
Jhpé jakhtàqta pae.
Þe warriors are confused.
Jìxikh xhmir theupíya.
Þe maidens are hot.
Jìxikh xhmir theupíya.
Þe maidens are cold.
Ptát sqakhanàswaor.
Þe stones are wet.
Tràni’ úlaxhei so.
Þe trees are sere.
Qèjhefhi qíriniîle pae.
Þe viceroy queens are feckleß.
Qhayuxeûxujo púxhmi.
I eam happy ond meek.
Qhitlhìntril Puiyusàswaor.
Puîyus is sad ond meek.
Tlhìtsunu khwún so.
Þe friends are angry ond meek.
Qhaôjhpé jakhtàqta pae.
Þe warriors are confused ond meek.
Tlhìjixikh xhmir theupíya.
Þe maidens are hot ond meek.
Qhaôjixikh xhmir theupíya.
Þe maidens are cold ond meek.
Tlhìptát sqakhanàswaor.
Þe stones are wet ond meek.
Qhaôtrani’ úlaxhei so.
Þe trees are sere ond meek.
Qhaoqèjhefhi qíriniîle pae.
Þe viceroy queens are feckleß ond meek
In the above examples I have used the participles uxeûxujo those who are happy, whimsical, whimsicoracal, and tlhìntru, tlhìntril those who are sad, unhappy, melancholy and tsùnu those who are angry and jhpé those who are confused, mixed-up, hugger-mugger and jìxikh those who are hot and jùxukh those who are cold, both of those being particles of the structure of [j·x·kh], and ptát those who are moist, wet, fresh like a fruit and tràni those who are dry, sere and qèjhefhi those who are tired, feckless.
So here follows a list of participles which often take their subject in the dative form of the locative case, with the affixes xhmir+, -aswaor, +so and +pae. These forms are often found with pronominal supplementation to denote the connotation of meekness or humility.
Akinàluqha, akinàluqhang tho who are angry
Àlii tho who are sad, tragick, szomorú
Àlyuyol, alyùyolim tho who are happy, whhhimsical, whhhimsicoracal, ĥadûm, vimik
Aqyáxa, aqyáxil tho who become angry, who flash, are scintillant
Ár heat, hotneß, ardour, warmth; tho who are alivë, quick, zoetick, maisha [life·do]
Arámpa heat, hotneß, ardour, warmth
Árpe heat, hotneß, ardour, warmth
Árpi, árpim tho who are hot, koho
Áser, áserer tho who are happy, whhhimsical, whhhimsicoracal, ĥadûm, vimik
Auyíke, auyíkelónge tho who feel {emocioun ør tactile, haptick}
Eûjhefhao coldneß, cold [order·leß·power·space]
Fhàlwu, fhàlwumet tho who are happy, whhhimsical, whhhimsicoracal, ĥadûm, vimik
Fhaô tho who are hot, koho [power·space]
Fhaôr tragick, sad emociouns
Fhèngu tho who are angry
Fhìrmo tho who feel (an emocioun)
Fhoâti happineß, whhhimsy; tho who are happy, whhhimsical, whhhimsicoracal, ĥadûm, vimik, leläb
Fhojuxhrújor tho who are angry (righteous) [power·chaos·from·feeling·do]
Fhokháwa tragick, sad emociouns
Fhoyèlqa tho who are wet, eho·lul
Fhóyeqe tho who are wet, eho·lul
Ijafhútlha tragick, sad emociouns
Jhèfhao tho who are cold, ftoh, bur [leß·power·fire]
Jhèfhoi cold [leß·power·matter]
Jhefhoîxei cold things [leß·power·matter·thing]
Jhefhoîxo cold people [leß·power·matter·person]
Jhenújo sadneß, depreßion, mulligrubs, hyp, piblokto, luladäl, yeYkYrO, YkrO [leß·goodly·feeling]
Jhenujóxo sad, glum people [leß·goodly·feeling·person]
Jhetlhenújo tho who are sad, glum, szomorú [leß·high·goodly·feeling]
Jhiqhínxhoing tho who are aquatick, immersed in water, wet, eho·lul [·qhí·]
Jhkhèkhpe coldneß, coolneß, cools
Jhpé tho who are confused, mixed·upana, hugger·mugger
Jìxikh tho who are hot, koho [j·x·kh]
Jùpa, jùpai tho who are joyful, lætus, krOm
Jùxukh tho who are cold, ftoh, bur [j·x·kh]
Kàlot tho who are cold, ftoh, bur
Kèjhyi tho who are sad, glum, szomorú
Kexhéro, kekexhéro tho who are dry, sere, sagang, tand·lul
Khaôma, khaômam tho who are hot, warm, eta·koho, koho
Khàpfhi tho who are happy, whhhimsical, whhhimsicoracal, ĥadûm, vimik
Khàrpa heat, hotneß, ardour
Khàrpe, khàrpot tho who are hot, koho
Khàtro tho who are hot, koho
Khít heat; tho who are hot, koho
Khlárpis happineß, whhhimsy, goodly fortune, felicity; tho who are fortunate, happy, whhhimsical, whhhimsicoracal, felicitous, ĥadûm, vimik, leläb
Khlìtse, khlìtsei tho who are angry
Khmaîqa, khmaiqíqa tho who are sad, glum, szomorú
Khmaîqha, khmaîqhot tho who are sad, glum, szomorú
Khnaôrt, khnaôrtot tho who are cold, freezing
Khnárt, khnàrtert tho who are cold, freezing
Khnàrta, khnàrtim tho who are cold, freezing
Khneûrltu tho who store upana, load (somewhom/somewhat) into a boat; are filled, happy, whhhimsical, whhhimsicoracal, ĥadûm, vimik
Khnújo goodly emociouns, holy feelings; friendship, nest trust [goodly·feeling]
Khùkhu, khùkhuim (< khùkhu) tho who are angry
Khwìneqe, khwineqìneqe tho who are happy, joyful, whhhimsical, whhhimsicoracal, ĥadûm, vimik, krOm
Khwíng, khwìngim tho who are happy, joyous, joyful, blithe, whhhimsical, whhhimsicoracal, laoven, ĥadûm, vimik, krOm
Khwùtlhoqha tho who are dry, sere, sagang, tand·lul
Khyàkha tho who are sad, sorrowful, lugubrious, szomorú
Khyèfhao tho who are extremewise hot, koho [great·power·space]
Khyefhoîxei hot things, koho [great·power·matter·thing]
Khyefhoîxo hot people, koho [great·power·matter·person]
Khyenujóxo happy, whhhimsical, whhhimsicoracal people [great·goodly·feeling·person]
Khyeunujóxo joyful people, læti, krOm [great·order·goodly·feeling·person]
Khyìwo, khyìwomet tho who are hot, koho
Khyòfha joy, lavenez; tho who are joyful, lætus, ĥūdum, mēleşum, rīŝtum, ulşum, krO, krOm
Lràkhta, lràkhtaim tho who are moist, wet, eho·lul
Lwùpung cold [lw·p·ng]
Ojufhongújo obseßion, paßion, defeat of reason by emocioun, khao [chaos·power·honor·feeling]
Pàtri tho who are sad, glum, szomorú
Pfhàrmpa, pfhàrmpim tho who are cool, cold, ftoh, bur
Pfhòfha chill, cold, stúges
Prìjhi, priîjhi tho who are cold, chilly, frigid, frore, gelid
Ptát tho who are moist, wet, fresh (of fruit), eho·lul
Pwóxha tho who are sad, tragick, szomorú
Qaîrta tho who slide sideways by, are placed at an angle to, are sullen, angry with (somewhom/somewhat)
Qèjhefhi tho who are tired, feckleß [in·leß·power·go]
Qèmlo tho who are tired
Qhàkhren, qhàkhrema tho who are angry
Qhát, qhátim tho who are happy, merry, whhhimsical, whhhimsicoracal, ĥadûm, vimik, yofik
Qhàti, qhàtiyot tho who are happy, merry, whhhimsical, whhhimsicoracal, ĥadûm, vimik, yofik
Qheûlo tho who grow cold, ftoh, bur
Qlàre tho who are hot, koho
Qlèki tho who are happy, whhhimsical, whhhimsicoracal, ĥadûm, vimik
Qlèti tho who are cold, ftoh, bur
Qròjhi tho who are angry at (somewhom/somewhat)
Qtháwexha tho who are dry, sere, sagang, tand·lul
Qthó tho who are tired
Qtoâ tho who are tired
Qtoâ tho who are tired
Qulpòpfhen, qulpofhèntu tho who shrink from heat, tire, become tired
Qyaûka, qyaûkim tho who are happy, whhhimsical, whhhimsicoracal, ĥadûm, vimik
Sùqte tho who are dry, abstract
Syám sense, sensacioun
Tàrle tho who are tired
Tàtqi tho who are tired
Tèqta, tetèqta tho who are tired, weary
Tètye, tètyer tho who are wet, eho·lul
Thenúxoir tho who are frigid, cold·hearted, gelid [few·goodly·spirit·matter·do]
Thixhríqa tho who are cold, ftoh, bur
Thònti, thòntim tho who are prim, affected, ofer·refined, mincy, flimsy, miserababel, unhappy, mimsy
Thùnti, thùntim tho who are content, happy, whhhimsical, whhhimsicoracal, ĥadûm, vimik
Tlhérs tho who are dry, sere, sagang, tand·lul
Tlhìntru, tlhìntril tho who are sad, unhappy, melancholy, fo leann·dubh, pruddglwyfus, szomorú
Tnaû tho who are tired
Tqú, tqùyot tho who are cold, ftoh, bur
Tràni tho who are dry, sere, sagang, tand·lul
Tsìnemo emociouns
Tsùnu tho who are angry
Tsùsqu tho who expreß (an emocioun)
Tùnte, tùntot tho who are happy, content, whhhimsical, whhhimsicoracal, ĥadûm, vimik
Újo [feelings, sensaciouns, emociouns]
Ukayóta tho who are dry, (of a nut) ripe
Uxeûxujo tho who are happy, whhhimsical, whhhimsicoracal, ĥadûm, vimik [spirit·order·feeling]
Ùxhutlha tho who are cold, ftoh, bur; Þe cold
Wthàrtrun, wthartrùntu tho who are defectivë, damaged, sore, tired, are hebetudinous
Wtsèrqan, wtserqàntu tho who are wrathful, filled with rage, extremewise angry (righteous)
Wtsèrxhnan, wtsèrxhnama tho who are soft, mushy, oferripe, soaking wet, pan
Xàyati tragick, sad emociouns
Xeîxha tho who are angry, holy, mad
Xèrxha tho who are wet, eho·lul
Xhárpa, xharpárpa tho who are hot, koho
Xhètlho tho who are wet, eho·lul
Xhmaîntii, xhmaîntiim tho who are happy, joyous, joyful, blithe, whhhimsical, whhhimsicoracal, laoven, ĥadûm, vimik, krOm
Xhmastíqong tho who are damp, wet, eho·lul [xhma·]
Xhmoîxa, xhmoîxim tho who are sad, glum, szomorú
Xhnárt, xhnàrtim tho who are cold, freezing
Xhnòkha, xhnòkhar tho who are depreßed, sad, suffer piblokto, ‘It, szomorú
Xhràjhat tho who are neither wet nor dry [xhr·jh·t]
Xhrìjhit tho who are wet, eho·lul [xhr·jh·t]
Xhrìrple, xhrìrplemet tho who are hot, have a fever, febrile, koho
Xhrùjhut tho who are dry, sere, sagang, tand·lul [xhr·jh·t]
Xhthèngi, xhthèngu tho who are soaking wet from rain, Pluviose
Xhwère water; tho who are wet, ‘aq’wa, lul, eho·lul, ŋuki
Xùnta, xuntùnta tho who are content, happy, whhhimsical, whhhimsicoracal, ĥadûm, vimik
Xùnte, xuntùnte tho who are content, happy, whhhimsical, whhhimsicoracal, ĥadûm, vimik
Xùxhwail hwyl, great emociounal fervor ond eloquence, püköf
You don’t think this is too complicated for Puey, do you?
No, no, my dear.
Really?
Hmm.
You just seem to have some concerns.
No, not concerns, really. It’s just that I am not entirely sure that what may seem so easy to unto us, or at least those of us who have been blessed with higher education, will seem so easy, especially to one who does not speak at all.
Puey and I have no trouble in communicatng.
We are certainly able to make our feelings known unto each other. Sometimes Puey isable to express something in music, in song which I cannot even dream to express in language.
Ah, but can he reveal discreet information in song?
I see your point. I don’t think that most folk could, but he at least is able to express, Please put the green book beside the third red shelf on my right in song.
Plus he knows cheremes and signs, my Princess.
He is also extremely express with his facial expression. A wink, a nod, a sigh, a blink, they can convey a paragraph of discreet information.
It is almost certainly the case, my love, that already you and Puîyos are beginning to dream the same dream. When one becomes betrothed the priest begins the process whichby the two of you will begin to dream together, so that by the time you are joined together in holy matrimony you shall have the the khrèxi, the telepathic intuition that a married couple has. And so your ability to read his expressions may already be metalinguistic.
However, the rest of Puey’s Clan can already understand him, and I can understand Ixhúja also.
Quite true. But I think you understand him more than others do, although even you have quite a far way to go. There is much within him you have not yet begun to understand.
I don’t think Puey will have any trouble with these constructions at all, though.
The instrumental forms of the locative case, that is the forms that employ Xhlir+, -epakh, +ser and +sae are used to denote the subject or a predicate denoting some sort of sensation such as seeing, hearing, touching, tasting, smelling, remembering and dreaming, in other words the seven qànxhe, the seven senses related to the body and memory and dream. The reason as you shall see that the instrumental form of the locative case can be used is because dreaming and remembering and seeing and the like have the connotation of being non-volitional. These particular participles, moreover, are also quite often found with a pronominal prefix because they have a slight humble feeling unto them. Here are some examples.
Qèkhet stélar púxhli.
I see Þe princess. I chance to see the princess.
Qlaûtso twílayòjhwa kaûpa pfho qlínepakh.
Þe beautiful woman hears Þe singing birds. The beautiful women chance to hear the singing birds.
Jhwùra tsàtlhis axhíxhi pfhu qráyìngte ser.
My mother touched Þe orange jewels. My mother chanced to touch the orange jewels.
Xhyeû theupíyayùpwar khyèqhiir ser xing.
Þe dragon tasted Þe maiden. The dragon chanced to taste the maiden.
Xhméli stélarùpwar khyèqhiir sae xing.
Þe dragon smelt Þe princess. The dragon chanced to smell the princess.
Xhmòrjhi qíriniîle xhlir jakhtàqta.
Þe warriors remember Þe queen. The warriors happened to remember the dream.
Ijáxai stélar qlín kae Puiyèyepakh.
Puey dreams about Þe beautiful princess . It came to pass that I dreamt about the beautiful princess.
Jiîqekhet stélar púxhli.
I humbly see Þe princess. It happened that I humbly saw the princess.
Seqlaûtso twílayòjhwa kaûpa pfho qlínepakh.
Þe beautiful woman humbly hears Þe singing birds. The meek but beautiful woman happened to hear the singing birds.
Fhuîjhwura tsàtlhis axhíxhi pfhu qráyìngte ser.
My mother humbly touched Þe orange jewels. My mother happened humbly to touch the orange jewels.
Seîxhyeu theupíyayùpwar khyèqhiir ser xing.
Þe dragon humbly tasted Þe maiden. The dragon chanced humble to taste the maiden.
Seixhméli stélarùpwar khyèqhiir sae xing.
Þe dragon humbly smelt Þe princess. The shy dragon just smelt the princess.
Fhiixhmòrjhi qíriniîle xhlir jakhtàqta.
Þe warriors humbly remembers Þe queen. Humbly and by accident the warrior remembers the queen.
Qhiyijáxai stélar qlín kae Puiyèyepakh.
Puey humbly dreams about Þe beautiful princess. Meek Puey chances to dream about the beautiful princess.
In the above examples I have used qèkhet those who see someone or something or shew someone or something and qlaûtso those who hear someone or something and jhwùra, jhwùramat those who touch someone or something and xhyeûthose who taste someone or something and xhméli smell or those who smell someone or something and xhmòrjhi those who remember someone or something and in the last example ijáxai which means swevens and those who dream someone or something.
Now the above particles of senses can also be used to form telic and atelic sentences as well as to introduce secondary clauses. One can say:
Ijáxai tsenastélàrejikh pú.
I dream of the princess.
Jiiyijáxai tsenastélàrejikh pú.
I humbly dream of the princess.
Ijáxai stélarètyikh pú.
I dream of some of the princess.
Jeyijáxai stélarètyikh pú.
I humbly dream of some of the princess.
Ijáxai’ eixhrejor pú khniêr tsenastélàrejikh Puîye.
I dream that Puey kisses the princess.
Ijáxai’ eixhrejor pú seîkhnier tsenastélàrejikh Puîye.
I dream that Puey humbly kiss the princess.
Ijáxai stélarùpwar púyan.
I set out to dream about the Princess and succeeded in doing so.
However, one cannot combine volionality and telicity. One cannot say:
Jeyijáxai stélaretyikh púyan.
?? I humbly set out to dream of some of the princesses.
The reason one cannot say it is that it speakers will not understand it. Perhaps I may, but even then it sounds like one is combining too many elements together without yoking them properly. One would have use the suffix –onyi and say something like Jeyijáxaiyònyi qlúsejikh stélarètyikh pú to express I humbly dreamt of some of the princess on purpose.
Hence participles of sensation may be inflected for telicity with and without pronominal supplementation, for atelicity, and for volitionality with or without pronominal supplemenation.
Telic Sentence
Telic Sentence with Pronominal Supplementation
Qèkhat tsenastélàrejikh pú.
I see the princess.
Qlaûtso twílayòlkha kaûpo pfho qlín
The beautiful woman hears the singing birds.
Jhwùra tsatlhisàxhmikh axhíxhi pfhu qráyìngtexing.
My mother touched the orange jewels.
Xhyeû theupíyayèjikhing khyeqhiîring.
The dragon tasted the maiden.
Xhméli stélarèjikhing khyeqhiîring
The dragon smelt the princess.
Xhmòrjhi qíriniilèyejikh jakhtàqta.
The warriors remember the queen.
Ijáxai stélàrejikh qlín kae Puîye.
Puey dreams about the beautiful princess.
Jiiqèkhat stélàrejikh pú.
I humbly see the princess.
Fhuiqlaûtso twílayòlkha kaûpo pfho qlín
The beautiful woman humbly hears the singing birds.
Sejhwùra tsatlhisàxhmikh axhíxhi pfhu qráyìngtexing.
My mother humbly touched the orange jewels.
Seixhyeû theupíyàyejikh khyeqhiîring.
The dragon humbly tasted the maiden.
Seixhméli stélàrejikh khyeqhiîring
The dragon humbly smelt the princess.
Fhiixhmòrjhi qíriniilèyejikh jakhtàqta.
The warriors humbly remember the queen.
Seiyijáxai stélàrejikh qlín kae Puîye.
Puey humbly dreams about the beautiful princess.
Atelic Sentence
Qèkhat tsenastélarètyikh pú.
I see some of the princess.
Qlaûtso twíla kaupoyòtya qlín
The beautiful woman hears some of the singing birds.
Jhwùra tsàtlhis axhíxhiyùtya qráyìngtexing.
My mother touched some of the orange jewels.
Xhyeû theupíyayètyikhing khyeqhiîring.
The dragon tasted of the maiden.
Xhméli stélarètyikhing khyeqhiîring
The dragon smelt of the princess.
Xhmòrjhi qíriniileyètyikh jakhtàqta.
The warriors remember of the queen.
Ijáxai stélar qlínètyikh Puîye.
Puey dreams a little about the beautiful princess.
Volitional Sentence
Voltional Sentence with Pronominal Supplementation
Qèkhat stélarùpwar púyan.
I see the princess on purpose.
Qlaûtso twílayòjhwa kaûpo pfho qlínan
The beautiful woman hears the singing birds on purpose.
Jhwùra tsatlhisòjhwa axhíxhi pfhu qráyìngtèyaning.
My mother touched the orange jewels on purpose.
Xhyeû theupíyayùpwar khyeqhiîraning.
The dragon tasted the maiden on purpose.
Xhméli stélarùpwar khyeqhiîraning
The dragon smelt the princess on purpose.
Xhmòrjhi qíriniileyùpwar jakhtàqtayan.
The warriors remember the queen on purpose.
Ijáxai stélarùpwar qlín kae Puîyeyan.
Puey dreams about the beautiful princess on purpose.
Jiiqèkhat stélarùpwar púyan.
I humbly see the princess on purpose.
Seqlaûtso twílayòjhwa kaûpo pfho qlínan
The beautiful woman humbly hears the singing birds on purpose.
Sejhwùra tsatlhisòjhwa axhíxhi pfhu qráyìngtèyaning.
My mother humbly touched the orange jewels on purpose.
Seixhyeû theupíyayùpwar khyeqhiîraning.
The dragon humbly tasted the maiden on purpose.
Seixhméli stélarùpwar khyeqhiîraning
The dragon humbly smelt the princess on purpose.
Fhiixhmòrjhi qíriniileyùpwar jakhtàqtayan.
The warriors humbly remember the queen on purpose.
Seiyijáxai stélarùpwar qlín kae Puîyeyan.
Puey humbly dreams about the beautiful princess on purpose
Therefore, as you can see, my love, pronominal supplementation does not like the partitive genitive form of the locative case. The partitive genitive form of the locative case does nto like pronominal supplementation. That’s just the way it is, there is no way the two can me merged together.
And so we come back to the beginning. The instrumental form of the locative case, that is the forms that use the affixes xhlir+, -epakh, +ser and +ser are used to denote that the subject performs the action or state of the predicate by accident, not on purpose, that it did not set out to do this, that it just chanced for to happen. This is quite a quotidian way we have of expressing non-volition.
Thekerùjhwu xhnoipe lhijhwayùjhwu xhmir talqànxha.
Þe cruisers were both leaping about ond pfalling by accident.
Tlhithekerùjhwu xhnoipe tlhitlhijhwayùjhwu xhmir talqànxha.
Þe cruisers were both bashfully leaping about ond pfalling by accident.
Qyèkhen qúra theupíyàyepakh.
Þe maiden struck Þe king but not on purpose.
Seiqyèkhen qúra theupíyàyepakh.
Þe maiden shyly struck Þe king but not on purpose.
Tsefheir sqánamen qírenat ser.
Þe emperor carried Þe stone by accident.
Seîtsefheir sqánamen qírenat ser.
Þe emperor meekly carried Þe stone by accident.
Qìfhis wthá sae.
Þe person never did anything by accident
Khnùqifhis wthá sae.
Þe person never humbly did anything by accident.
.
You probably have noticed that the constructions involving the dative form of the locative case are always stative constructions, that is they are a single valence construction, while the constructions involving the instrumental form of the locative case are often of double valence, and are sometimes transitive or ditransitive. The issue of valency in Babel is quite compled and muddled and our traditional grammarians do not even appear cognizant of it. I think that part of the reason for the complexity is that formally Babel employs a non-restrictive morphology, and by that I mean that all forms of participles are considered the same xhlèmi, the same parts of speech, sözcük türleri, and so may all be inflected, in theory, in all cases and in all voices. In actuality, though, some participles and some constructions lead towards objects and others do not.
Xhlèmi, that reminds me of xhméli from above.
Jexhméli stélarupwaròntet xhnú púxhli.
I smell a princess and cinnamon.
You can tell your intended husband that one can use double objects like that without repeating the predicate when they are not modified by the ingeminate case.
I think we should discuss that at a different time. This has been a particularly difficult lesson, don’t you think?
I suppose.
Anyway, Puey, qthó means those who are tired, and in the following sentence
Khnùqthó xhmir Puîye.
Meek Puey is tired.
You can see that as a practical manner it has a valency of one. Now pyaîjhe, pyaijhelónge means those who smell someone or something.
Seipyaijhelónge stélar xhlir Puîye.
Puey meekly smells Þe Princess.
And this sentence has a valency of two. One could say
Pyaijhelónge xhlir Puîye.
Puey smells someone or something.
And then we have a valency of one. But one would have to start using causative construction to turn qthó into something transitive or ditransitive, and that is far too complicated for this present time.
I just wish to mention, though that despite these constructions, qthó and pyaijhe, pyaijhelónge still act as regular participles. One still says:
Qthó Puîye.
Puey is tired.
Pyaijhelónge Puîye.
Puey smells someone or something.
The connotation is different, though, Puîye is in the absolutive case, and there is no hint of chance or non-volition. It’s a rather simple statement. Also one still says:
Jaê Puiyèyejikh qthó kae pú.
I see tired Puey.
Jaê Puiyèyejikh pyaijhelónge kae pú.
I see Puey as he smells something.
But one could not try to say something like the following:
Jaê Puiyeyejikh kuxhmoas qthó pú.
Jae Puiyeyejikh kuxhloas pyaijhelónge qthó pú.
No, one can only use the various forms of the locative mood as subjects. Otherwise one has to use the ingeminate case as in the examples above or some other construction.
And so here follows a list of participles which often take their subject in the instrumental form of the locative case, with the affixes xhlir+, -epakh, +ser and +sae. These forms are often found with pronominal supplementation to denote the connotation of meekness or humility.
Aîxei things Þæt see (somewhom/somewhat), yato [see·thing]
Aîxo people who see (somewhom/somewhat), yato [see·person]
Àpi dreams, ndoto, yiviOs
Apyútha dreams, ndoto, yiviOs
Aû [smell; tho who smell (somewhom/somewhat)]
Aûfhi tho who smell like, smell of (somewhom/somewhat) [smell]
Éje [touch; tho who touch (somewhom/somewhat)]
Èjefhi tho who feel like, feel of (somewhom/somewhat) [touch]
Ejéxei things Þæt touch (somewhom/somewhat) [touch·thing]
Ejéxo people who touch (somewhom/somewhat) [touch·person]
Èkor tho who behold, see (somewhom/somewhat), yato
Èkusi tho who behold, see (somewhom/somewhat), yato
Éta dreams, ndoto, yiviOs
Fhaîjha, fhaîjhamat tho who smell (somewhom/somewhat), chuna, chunga
Fhìsqa tho who see (somewhom/somewhat), yato
Fhìxhraqa tho who smell (somewhom/somewhat), chuna, chunga
Fhérm tho who look with wonder, awe (upon somewhom/somewhat)
Fhórel tho who see (somewhom/somewhat), yato
Fhóyeit tho who see (somewhom/somewhat), yato
Fhrùsi tho who taste (somewhom/somewhat), schmecken
Fhteî, fhteîmat tho who dream (somewhom/somewhat)
Fhteláni, fhtelánim tho who gaze upon (somewhom/somewhat)
Fhú dreams, ndoto, yiviOs
Fhúkhe, fhúkhelónge tho who see, behold (somewhom/somewhat), yato
Fhwònxhu, fhwonxhùnthe tho who hear (somewhom/somewhat)
Fhyér dreams, mythe, ndoto, yiviOs
Iê [taste; tho who taste (somewhom/somewhat)]
Iêfhi tho who taste like, taste of (somewhom/somewhat) [taste]
Iêxei tang, extraneous taste, things Þæt taste (somewhom/somewhat), schmecken, nebasmek [taste·thing]
Iêxo people who taste (somewhom/somewhat), schmecken [taste·person]
Íjas dreams, ndoto, yiviOs
Ijáxai dreams, ndoto, yiviOs; tho who dream
Íju [sound; tho who hear (somewhom/somewhat)]
Ijuxújor tho who hear (somewhom/somewhat) [sound·feeling·do]
Jaê sight, ken; tho who see (somewhom/somewhat), yato [sight]
Jeî dreams, ndoto, yiviOs
Jhaîxei things Þæt barewise see, discern (somewhom/somewhat) [leß·see·thing]
Jhaîxo people who barewise see, discern (somewhom/somewhat) [leß·see·person]
Jhaûr tho who barewise smell (somewhom/somewhat), chuna, chunga [leß·smell·do]
Jhefhíjur tho who barewise hear (somewhom/somewhat) [leß·power·hear·do]
Jhpól tho who touch, feel, shake (somewhom/somewhat)
Jhwíkh dreams, ndoto, yiviOs
Jhwùra, jhwùramat tho who touch (somewhom/somewhat)
Jùlri, julrielínge tho who look, see (somewhom/somewhat), yato
Khàsyar, khakhàsyar tho who see (somewhom/somewhat), yato
Kháxa tho who see, behold (somewhom/somewhat), yato
Khìrti tho who hear (somewhom/somewhat)
Khleû dreams, ndoto, yiviOs
Khleûkh tho who see, look at (somewhom/somewhat), yato
Khlílu tho who hear (somewhom/somewhat)
Khlòqa tho who see (somewhom/somewhat), yato
Khmarniêtu tho who remnember, mention (somewhom/somewhat)
Khmém mnemory, tyme; tho who remnember (somewhom/somewhat), tīd hwīl fyrst fæc Þrāg sæ̃l mæ̃l stund sīð
Khmému mnemory, tyme; a mnemory; tho who remnember (somewhom/somewhat), tīd hwīl fyrst fæc Þrāg sæ̃l mæ̃l stund sīð
Khmít dreams, ndoto, yiviOs
Khní tho who see, behold, fhérm, Lo! (somewhom/somewhat), yato
Khrèrwi tho who dream (somewhom/somewhat)
Khrètsoqhu, khrenítsoqhu dreams, ndoto, yiviOs
Khwaitlhùweni dreams, ndoto, yiviOs
Khwàlwa dream, ndoto, yiviOs
Khwìsqa tho who see (somewhom/somewhat), yato
Khyaê tho who see (somewhom/somewhat), yato [great·see]
Khyeunujóxai tho who look with wonder, fhérm [great·order·goodly·feeling·see]
Khyíkh dreams, ndoto, yiviOs
Kìkhye, kikìkhye tho who feel, perceivë (somewhom/somewhat) with Þe tactile, haptick sense
Lròlkhom tho who see (somewhom/somewhat), yato [·qhí·]
Lwáru tho who perceivë, scry, descry (somewhom/somewhat)
Lweû tho who see, behold (somewhom/somewhat) with wonder (fhérm)
Lwòrthie, lweîrothie tho who glance, glent, gaze upon (somewhom/somewhat)
Lyánau, lyánaûmat tho who gaze upon (somewhom/somewhat)
Lyèrnewo, lyèrnewim tho who see, consider (somewhom/somewhat) to be (pred exper, somewhom/somewhat)
Oâkh dreams, ndoto, yiviOs
Ófhekh dreams, ndoto, yiviOs
Oixhmìxhna tho who touch (somewhom/somewhat) [matter·towards·go·with]
Òkeu tho who see, hear, perceivë (somewhom/somewhat), yato
Òpya dreams, ndoto, yiviOs
Òyam, oyàmeqhe tho who see (somewhom/somewhat), yato
Pènxhu tho who touch (somewhom/somewhat)
Pèqhaul, peqhaûlamat tho who peer, gaze upon (somewhom/somewhat)
Pwoâpa tho who look, behold, hark with awe (somewhom/somewhat) (fhérm)
Pyaîjhe, pyaijhelónge tho who smell (somewhom/somewhat), chuna, chunga
Pyaô dreams, ndoto, yiviOs
Pyàxha, pyàpyaxha tho who hear (somewhom/somewhat)
Qànxhe* senses (Þe 7 senses: sight, hearing, touch, taste, smell, mnemory, dream)
Qèkhet tho who see (somewhom/somewhat), shew (somewhom/somewhat), yato
Qeûkho tho who perceivë, scry, descry (somewhom/somewhat übernatural)
Qhàtuqhi tho who hear (somewhom/somewhat)
Qheûxha tho who taste, choose (somewhom/somewhat), schmecken
Qhòrlpen, qhorlpèntu tho who finish off, end, consume, eat, nyam, ngan, popo, so, at, atians (somewhom/somewhat), see (somewhom/somewhat), see (somewhom/somewhat) goodly enow to eat
Qhùjhyo, qhùjhyot tho who sense, perceivë, scry, descry (somewhom/somewhat)
Qhùsto taste, flavor, Geschmack
Qhút taste, lip smacks, geuma, Geschmack
Qíkh dreams, ndoto, yiviOs
Qlaûtso tho who hear (somewhom/somewhat)
Qroîka, qroîkaka tho who glance, glent, gaze upon (somewhom/somewhat)
Qyír dreams, ndoto, yiviOs
Saôrthwi, saôrthwin tho who taste, tantalize (somewhom/somewhat), schmecken
Sùya tho who remnember (somewhom/somewhat)
Swèfhen, swèfhin dreams, ndoto, yiviOs
Swènwa dreams, ndoto, yiviOs
Swoâ tho who remnember, think of (somewhom/somewhat), meno, tandak
Syèkar, syesyékar tho who remnember (somewhom/somewhat)
Syènwa dreams, ndoto, yiviOs
Tàloqhu tho who perceivë, scry, descry (somewhom/somewhat)
Teîtlha, teîtlhamat tho who smell (somewhom/somewhat), chuna, chunga
Tèki tho who touch (somewhom/somewhat)
Thaôpa tho who taste (somewhom/somewhat), schmecken
Thàsqu, thathàsqu tho who perceivë, scry, descry, detect (somewhom/somewhat)
Théketha tho who perceivë, scry, descry, see (somewhom/somewhat), yato
Thesèmeqha tho who taste (somewhom/somewhat), schmecken
Theuríka suppliants; tho who touch gnees, chins of (somewhom/somewhat); supplakā́iō
Thòtqi, thothòtqi tho who see (somewhom/somewhat), yato
Thúl dreams, ndoto, yiviOs
Thwó dreams, ndoto, yiviOs
Tìrna tho who hear (somewhom/somewhat)
Tlhàqa tho who touch, handle (somewhom/somewhat)
Tlheûxha tho who hear (somewhom/somewhat) [·qhí·]
Tlhími dreams, ndoto, yiviOs
Tlhìmuyu tho who dream (somewhom/somewhat)
Tlhuîkhtan, tlhuîkhtain tho who dream; Þe Æons, Archangels; rendered as “Dreamren”
Tnekheîyor tho who see, look (at somewhom/somewhat), yato
Tòjho tho who touch (somewhom/somewhat)
Trìki tho who remnember (somewhom/somewhat)
Tsàtlhu tho who see, look at (somewhom/somewhat), yato
Tsìjhafhu, tsijhaîfhu tho who taste, perceivë Þe flavor of (somewhom/somewhat), schmecken
Tsìpim tho who remnember (somewhom/somewhat) [ts·p·m]
Tsùtha dreams, ndoto, yiviOs
Twiîm, twìtwim tho who see (somewhom/somewhat), yato
Twím, twímeqhe tho who see (somewhom/somewhat), yato
Tyaû tho who taste (somewhom/somewhat), schmecken
Tyèrtlha tho who see (somewhom/somewhat), yato
Tyètlhem tho who dream (somewhom/somewhat)
Tyúxha dreams, ndoto, yiviOs
Únga dreams, ndoto, yiviOs
Ùnta dreams, ndoto, yiviOs
Út dreams, ndoto, yiviOs
Wtsókekh tho who see (somewhom/somewhat), yato
Wtsònes dreams, ndoto, yiviOs
Wtsórer tho who perceivë, scry, descry, watch out for (somewhom/somewhat)
Xhaîta, xhaîtamat tho who smell (somewhom/somewhat), chuna, chunga
Xhìkhmar tho who remnember (somewhom/somewhat)
Xhleîqha, xhleiqhelónge tho who peer, gaze upon (somewhom/somewhat)
Xhmàqi, xhmàqiqi tho who remnember (somewhom/somewhat)
Xhméli smell; tho who smell (somewhom/somewhat), chuna, chunga
Xhmiêswo tho who hear (somewhom/somewhat)
Xhmòrjhi tho who remnember (somewhom/somewhat)
Xhnárn dreams, ndoto, yiviOs
Xhnaûni, xhnaunènthe tho who gaze upon (somewhom/somewhat)
Xhné goodly dream, crystalline dream sent by Akhlísa
Xhúla dreams, ndoto, yiviOs
Xhwál dreams, ndoto, yiviOs
Xhwoâthne light ond gentle touch; tho who lightwise touch (somewhom/somewhat)
Xhyàkhakh tho who dream [xhy·kh·kh]
Xhyakhìkhra tho who see, behold (somewhom/somewhat), yato
Xhyáqi attencioun, activë percepcioun, cynosure
Xhyeû tho who taste (somewhom/somewhat), schmecken
Xí dreams, ndoto, yiviOs
Xòra dreams, ndoto, yiviOs
Xuîl dreams, ndoto, yiviOs
You don’t think that this is too difficult, do you, Great Uncle?
I think the fact that the quadrillion, quadrillion souls of Gloßopoeia who already speak the language you create is testimony enough unto the usefulessness and learnability of Babel.
While I’m glad that the rest of the Dreamtime has been able to master Babel, after a fashion at least, I’m rather more concerned with Puey though.
Do you wish to simply this then?
But what can be simplified? Language after all has to cover all areas of endeaver for mortal and spirit and immortal. The cases actually simplify what would otherwise just be a morass of meaning, the cases tell us who respond unto what. Pronominal supplementation not only lets us bow without having to move our bodies, it helps us keep track of objects and subjects. Plus sensations, emotions, memories, they are of a fundamental different quality. There should be a difference between being cold and feeling cold, and that is the reason why we have to use these various forms of the locative case.
I won’t mention then what you intend to do with the inflexions of xhnir and tlhir. Those are some rather strenuous affixes.
Misbehaving affixes, I would say. I think that xhnir and tlhir are a bit like Siêthiyal and Karulata. They are some wlid forms of the locative case. And yet without those forms we would be unable to express all sorts of modal ideas and basic concepts involving enduring and wearing and being certain types of items.
You keep saying that the case system simplifies language.
I stand by that.
But you did not always have a case system.
True, at first I tried to create Babel without any cases at all. The problems came about because then I was unable to determine whether one statement made sense or not. There were no rules. But once I noticed certain progressions and patterns, I was able to create rules from them, and all at once the grammar began to crystallize all about me. It was like awakening from a great and wonderous dream, a creative dream, and when sitting upwards all of the worlds were resolving themselves into a new form, something that could be quantified and made tangible and understandable. It was almost as if I were awakening for the first time. And then my Puey came for me, through the dragonfires and the snares of my Father, and rescued he me from the prisonment of my birth.
You have probably noticed that some of these forms which do not normally take an object in omnivolitional sentences most certainly can in volitional and non-volitional sentences. Xí means swevens or dreams. Xí pú means I am dreams. However one can say Xí stélarùpwar púxhli for I dream about a princess. If one wished to express dreaming about using that form and in an omnivolitional construction one could use the –oxhwoim verbal suffix and say xíyòxhwoim pú, I do or make dreams, I dream, or even Xíyòxhwoim tsenastélareîtlho pú, I dream about a princess. But one cannot use xí by itself in an omnivolitional clause to mean dreaming about someone.
Finally, my love, and we’re finally coming to the end of pronominal supplementation, the pronominal prefixes can be used with the suffix –exhyeu to form brief purpose clauses, or a truncated form of the injunctive mood denoting intention.
Qhilreîxemat Puîye qrauyelóngeyèxhyeu.
Puey wæs humbly reading in order to teach a skill.
Khnuyújar tyaqája tnarjhwekhmatèxhyeu.
Þe slave wæs meekly thinking so as to paint something.
Seîtsefheir tsatlhisènxha kúyan tuinamatèxhyeu thwáràswaor.
He was shyly carrying Þe jewel on purpose in order to give hit to Þe person that he knew.
Qhitlhèjhweqhe qúra kuxhayèxhyeu tsenatheupíyàyejikh.
Þe king bashfully fell down so that he could kiß Þe maiden.
Tlhikaûpa lwangpèjeyan lrúnèxhyeu.
Þe peasants were humbly singing intending to be nostalgick.
This usage of –exhyeu with the pronominal supplementation is unique, for otherwise if one wishes to use –exhyeu to form a purpose clause, one still has to indicate the subject of the purpose clause rather than just use the same subject of the independent clause. So the above sentences would be writ as:
Lreîxemat Puîye qrauyelóngeyèxhyeu kú.
Puey wæs reading in order to teach a skill.
Újar tyaqája tnarjhwekhmatèxhyeu kúxing.
Þe slave wæs thinking so as to paint something.
Tsèfheir tsatlhisènxha kúyan tuinamatèxhyeu thwáràswaor kú.
He was shyly carrying Þe jewelon purpose in order to give hit on purpose to Þe person that he knew.
Thèjhweqhe qúra kuxhayèxhyeu tsenatheupíyàyejikh kú.
Þe king fell down so that he could kiß Þe maiden.
Kaûpa lwangpèjeyan lrúnèxhyeu kú.
Þe peasants were singing intending to be nostalgick.
In conclusion, my love
Conclusions can be a little dull, my Princess, don’t you think?
I’ll just start again. Puey, I understand that from your point of view, as you think in the languages of beasts, that the purpose of pronominal supplementation may seem a little obscure. Babel, however, being the first language, the primallanguage, nadde origin save in the imagination of mine heart, and since it has no archaic language for poesy or any ancient constructions are aren’t used in everyday speech, we must find some other way to make language sparkle. Our language is illsuited to some forms of rhymning, but it is præterpluperfect for singing, it can employ many alliterative affects, but its use for prefixes sometimes obscures it. And so in Babel the main ways of creating poetic affect is by employing various and unexpected grammatical constructions and forms.
Pronominal Supplementation has traditionally been call’d a construction by Grammarians and not a mode. Babel has several constructions, such as the causative construction and the possession construction, and sometimes one can confuse them with voice or mode. The causative construction, for instance, is similar to a voice, for it can be used to denote the agent of the passiv voice. Nonetheless, the causative construction can also be used with the other voices, and so it is not a voice in and of itself. The possession construction is smillar to the construct case, but ‘tis not itself a new case, but a formula using the construct case. And pronominal supplementation is similar to the deferential, existential, and honorific modes in that it describes the connotations of how the action of the predicate is carried out, but pronominal supplemention can also be used with aspect, which is an indication of the presumptive mode. Aspect may of course only be applied unto the exerpeicer, construct, and ingeminate cases, and aspect may also be used for to indicate the absolutive case. And so I shall close this notebook entry with a series of example sentences involving pronominal supplementation, the way that we bow with words without having to move our bodies.
Seikoaselónge theupíyàyejikh akhlíse kae Puîyus.
Puîyus humbly loves Þe weeping maiden.
Seikoaselóngeyoâqen theupíyàyejikh akhlíse kae Puîyus.
Puîyus humbly is loving Þe weeping maiden.
Seikoaselónge theupíyayejikhoâkhwe’ akhlíse kae Puîyus.
Puîyus humbly loves Þe one who is alwey a maiden ond weeping.
Seikoaselónge theupíyàyejikh akhlíse kae yaîpoi Puîyus.
Puîyus humbly loves Þe maiden who is fated to weep.
Seikoaselónge qhitheupíya qhiyakhlíse Puîyus.
Puîyus bashfully loves Þe weeping maiden.
Seikoaselóngeyoâqen qhitheupíya qhiyakhlíse Puîyus.
Puîyus bashfully is loving Þe weeping maiden.
Seikoaselónge qhitheupíyayoâkhwe qhiyakhlíse Puîyus.
Puîyus bashfully loves Þe one who is alwey a maiden ond weeping.
Seikoaselónge qhitheupíya qhiyakhlíseyaîpoi Puîyus.
Puîyus bashfully loves Þe maiden who is fated to weep.
Seîkhnier stélar Puîyusan.
Seîkhnier stélarùpwar Puîyusan.
Puîyus shyly kißes Þe princess on purpose.
Seikhnieròjhwan stélarùpwar Puîyusan.
Puîyus shyly kißes Þe princess many times on purpose.
Seikhnierùpwarn stélarùpwar Puîyusan.
Puîyus shyly kißes Þe princess once on purpose.
Sèkhnier stélaròjhwa Puîyusan.
Puîyus shyly kißes Þe princesses on purpose.
Sekhnieròjhwan stélaròjhwa Puîyusan.
Puîyus shyly kißes Þe princesses many times on purpose.
Sekhnierùpwarn stélaròjhwa Puîyusan.
Puîyus shyly kißes Þe princess once on purpose.
Qhixhthènteqhe tsenaqiêlutakh Puîyusan.
Puîyus shyly wended to Þe hill on purpose.
Qhixhthenteqheyoâqen tsenaqiêlutakh Puîyusan.
Puîyus shyly is going to Þe hill on purpose.
Qhixhthenteqheyoâkhwen tsenaqiêlutakh Puîyusan.
Puîyus shyly alwey goeth to Þe hill on purpose.
Qhixhthenteqheyaîpoin tsenaqiêlutakh Puîyusan.
Puîyus is fated shyly to go to Þe hill on purpose.
And to use ùxhutlha, the cold; those who are cold, ftoh, bur and tsàtlhu those who see, look at someone or something.
Qhiyùxhutlha xhmir Puîyus.
Puîyus shyly is cold.
Qhiyuxhutlhayòjhwan xhmir Puîyus.
Puîyus shyly is cold nore than once.
Qhiyuxhutlhayùpwarn xhmir Puîyus.
Puîyus shyly is cold once.
Seîtsatlhu stélar xhlir Puîyus.
Seîtsatlhu stélarùpwar xhlir Puîyus.
Puîyus shyly seeth Þe princess.
Seitsatlhuyòjhwan stélarùpwar xhlir Puîyus.
Puîyus shyly seeth Þe princess more than once.
Seitsatlhuyùpwarn stélarùpwar xhlir Puîyus.
Puîyus shyly seeth Þe princess once.
Sètsatlhu stélaròjhwa xhlir Puîyus.
Puîyus shyly seeth Þe princesses.
Setsatlhuyòjhwan stélaròjhwa xhlir Puîyus.
Puîyus shyly seeth Þe princesses many times.
Setsatlhuyùpwarn stélaròjhwa xhlir Puîyus.
Puîyus shyly seeth Þe princesses once.
Seîjhkhér stélar xhlir Puîyus.
Seîjhkhér stélarùpwar xhlir Puîyus.
Puîyus shyly chances to protect Þe princess.
Seijhkhéroâqen stélarùpwar xhlir Puîyus.
Puîyus shyly chances to be protecting Þe princess.
Seijhkhéroâkhwen stélarùpwar xhlir Puîyus.
Puîyus eternally shyly chances to protect Þe princess.
Seijhkhéraîpoin stélarùpwar xhlir Puîyus.
Puîyus is fated shyly to happen to protect Þe princess.
Sèjhkhér stélaròjhwa xhlir Puîyus.
Puîyus shyly haps to protect Þe princesses.
Sejhkhéroâqen stélaròjhwa xhlir Puîyus.
Puîyus shyly is happening to protect Þe princesses.
Sejhkhéroâkhwen stélaròjhwa xhlir Puîyus.
Puîyus eternally shyly happens to protect Þe princesses.
Sejhkhéraîpoin stélaròjhwa xhlir Puîyus.
Puîyus is fated shyly to happen to protect Þe princesses.
Seikhrìxhmer stélar Puîyusan khnierèxhyeu.
Seikhrìxhmer stélarùpwar Puîyusan khnierèxhyeu.
Puey shyly wended about bringing Þe princess, his friend, for kißing.
Seikhrixhmeròjhwan stélarùpwar Puîyusan khnierèxhyeu.
Puîyus shyly wended about and brought Þe princess many times, his friend, for kißing.
Seikhrixhmerùpwarn stélarùpwar Puîyusan khnierèxhyeu.
Puîyus shyly wended about and brought Þe princess, once, his friend, for kißing.
Seikhrixhmeroâqen stélarùpwar Puîyusan khnierèxhyeu.
Puîyus shyly is going about bringing Þe princess, his friend, for kißing.
Seikhrixhmeroâkhwen stélarùpwar Puîyusan khnierèxhyeu.
Puîyus shyly always goes about bringing the princess, his friend, for kißing.
Seikhrixhmeraîpoin stélarùpwar Puîyusan khnierèxhyeu.
Puîyus is fated shyly to go about bringing Þe princess, his friend, for kißing.
Sekhrìxhmer stélaròjhwa Puîyusan khnierèxhyeu.
Puey shyly wended about bringing Þe princesses, his friend, for kißing.
Sekhrixhmeròjhwan stélaròjhwa Puîyusan khnierèxhyeu.
Puîyus shyly wended about and brought Þe princesses many times, his friend, for kißing.
Sekhrixhmerùpwarn stélaròjhwa Puîyusan khnierèxhyeu.
Puîyus shyly wended about and brought Þe princesses, once, his friend, for kißing.
Sekhrixhmeroâqen stélaròjhwa Puîyusan khnierèxhyeu.
Puîyus shyly is going about bringing Þe princess, his friend, for kißing.
Sekhrixhmeroâkhwen stélaròjhwa Puîyusan khnierèxhyeu.
Puîyus shyly always goes about bringing the princess, his friend, for kißing.
Sekhrixhmeraîpoin stélaròjhwa Puîyusan khnierèxhyeu.
Puîyus is fated shyly to go about bringing Þe princess, his friend, for kißing.
And that’s all the strength I have to write tonight.
About time, Princess, it’s the hour for you to sleep.
There you have it Puey, this is how we bow in words.
You’re not going to do that little grammar dance in your pajamas, are you? Why do I even have to ask? You’ll be teaching the grammar dance to your children and children’s children. What an odd dynasty this will be.
Táto!
I’m taking the notebook. No more writing tonight.
New Website
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Dearest Blessings~
It looks as though after over 3 years and 1145 letters, I have managed to
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11 years ago
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