Nodding off to dreams of grammar

Now Everything Does Get Nutty
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Epistle LXXXIII: Now Everything Does get Nutty

My dearest love, my prince my bridegroom

The Stars keep telling me that I should stop missing you. I am supposed to be content in their light and splendor. They do not understand that I am pining for you. They keep telling me that my Mother was the one who pined away and left them, and that this story is already ended, and so I must do something else. I dance with the Stars, at least of a fashion, since my wings are not yet fully grown and I cannot fly with them, and they will not permit me to practive hovering. Fhermáta makes me eat and sleep since it is so easy to lose track of time up here. Sometimes I just lose the Traîkhiim for hours at a time, and they return with stains on their faces and star dust streaming off of their wings, and they are giggling all the while.
Khnúl the Northron Star has told me that I am forbidden to miss you. And yet I cannot help myself. The Stars in their endless arrays in their numbers a billionfold are arising about me to dance the Xhuî the Dance of the Heavens. Fhermáta has just given me an epistle from your youngest Sister Karuláta wherein she charts out changes and thoughts and irregularities in Babel. I am not entirely sure how to respond to her. The Stars are no long reading my epistles, and I feel so alone without t you.
Beloved, I am not entirely sure how to proceed with this grammar and lexicon. The next section should be that of the level four suffixes, the ones that I call the syntactic particles. Here you will learn how to form questions, and the main forms of the irrealis mood as well as some of the forms of the injunctive mood. Among these affixes there are purpose clauses and a variety of particles that mean before, and after and just as. It’s a pit of an hodgepodge of syntax. I am not entirely sure how these level four suffixes came to accumulate unto themselves all these forms. I suppose when I was very small it just seemed natural to me to thrust all of the syntax right here at this position, and it did not bother me that it was not all entirely symmetrical, for many times I was far more concerned with the sound, and the poetry, and that I could actually use it and speak it and make it into art, rather than be dispassionate and perfect and altogether logical. Great-Uncle Táto tells me that far too often I am ruled by feelings rather than thoughts, and perhaps he is right because right now all my emotions are turning untowards you. Even the silly Traîkhiim are able to find gapes in the language I invented. In many ways I think that Karuláta would have been better able to create Babel, if she had any inclination at all to create Language, since she is able, nakshηdgas, to blend into any situation, like an entùrsoin rainbow chamæleon, rather than a stubborn artist like myself who am far more intent on listening to mine own poesy and inspiration and for to please you rather than make Language suitable for all men.
I just wish to be with you again.

I suppose we should start with the level four suffixes, but we’ll have to break them apart into smaller portions and examine them by mood and construction.
Level Four Suffix: Syntactick Particlen

·ájhei question
+ Khréxhye question
·áxeus wish, subjunctivë, optativë (irrealis mood)
+ Khrúje wish, subjunctivë, optativë (irrealis mood)
·áxeus khyi would Þæt, oh Þæt, if only, how may, utinam (strong irrealis mood)
·étyai request, neceßity, imperative (irrealis mood)
+ Khrúju request, neceßity, imperative (irrealis mood)
·alwos hypothetical, condiciounal, if, an
+ Tyoe negativë hypothetical, if not, unleß
·aonyas habitual, usualwise
·efhto potential, able to
·angur intrinsick, by nature+ Qoe purpueypose + Soe negativë purpueypose, lest
+ Khrúju qìr xhmé injunctivë mood
+ Xhmuju injunctivë mood
+Suju negativë injunctivë mood, intends not, shalt not
+ Jis before, er Þæt, prior to
+ Qus after
+ Pfhe just as, as, like

A couple of observations should be obvious. For instance, many of these suffixes are actually separate particles. Just as the level seven prefixes were all pronounced as if separate words, one says qir qí recently and not qìrqí, so too many, although not all of the level four suffixes break apart from the root and do not affect the musical pitch accent. So one says xhthènteqhe khréxhye does someone come? and not xhthenteqhekhréxhye.
Secondly one can see that at least seven different types of syntactic shading we have conflated all in the same leverl of suffix. We have two forms used to denote questions, the suffixes –ájhei and +khréxhye. I shall show you that one uses them to ask simple interrogatives.

Xhurnamatájhei totwojiyùtya Puîye khmeníwàyuqei?
Xhùrnamat khréxhye totwojiyùtya Puîye khmeníwàyuqei?
Does peiratical Puey eat of the mochi?

We have five different suffixes used to form the irrealis mood. –áxeus and +khrúje are used to express simple wishes, while -áxeus khyi is a stronger way to express the same. The suffixes –étyai and +khrúju are used to denote a request of necessity. And hence we shall say,

Xhurnamatáxeus totwojiyùtya Puîye khmeníwàyuqei!
Xhùrnamat khrúje totwojiyùtya Puîye khmeníwàyuqei!
May peiratical Puey eat of the mochi!
Xhurnamatáxeus khyi totwojiyùtya Puîye khmeníwàyuqei!
Would that peiratical Puey eat of the mochi!
Xhurnamatétyai totwojiyùtya Puîye khmeníwàyuqei!
Xhùrnamat khrúju totwojiyùtya Puîye khmeníwàyuqei!
Peiratical Puey must eat of the mochi!

You will note that the irrealis mood is almost always ended with the exclamation mark. We have two affixes for pure conditionals, that is, if …. then sentences. You have learned before how one can use the subordinate form of the locative case to creature clauses which mean in the context of, since, because, when, while, provided that, if, an, but with –alwos and +tyoe one has a less ambiguous way just to say if. –alwos means both if and in the hypothetical situation and even would while +tyoe means if not or unless. And so one hears

Xhurnamatàlwos totwojiyùtya Puîye khmeníwàyuqei khniêr koxhaxhrejoring stélàraning.
If peiratical Puey eats of the mochi, the princess will kiss him on purpose.
Xhùrnamatt tyoe totwojiyùtya Puîye khmeníwàyuqei khniêr koxhaxhrejoring stélàraning.
Unless peiratical Puey eats of the mochi, the princess will kiss him on purpose.

Next we have three, or rather three and an half suffixes which are almost adjectival in nature and yet also have some syntactic function unto them. –aonyas means habitual, usually and –efhto is potential, able to and –angur means instrinsic, by nature. And the reason I say three and an half suffixes is because the suffix –alwos partially falls into this category, for it not only is used to form conditionals but can mean the hypothetical one. Thus one hears in almost everyday conversation

Xhurnamataônyas totwojiyùtya Puîye khmeníwàyuqei.
Peiratical Puey habitually eats of the mochi.
Peiratical Puey usually eats of the mochi.
Peiratical Puey is an habitual eater of the mochi.
Xhurnamatèfhto totwojiyùtya Puîye khmeníwàyuqei.
Peiratical Puey is able to eat of the mochi.
Peiratical Puey can eat of the mochi.
Peiratical Puey is a potential eater of the mochi.
Xhurnamàtangur totwojiyùtya Puîye khmeníwàyuqei.
Peiratical Puey eats of the mochi by nature.
Peiratical Puey is an intrinsick eater of the mochi.
Xhurnamatàlwos totwojiyùtya Puîye khmeníwàyuqei.
Peiratical Puey is an hypothetical eater of the mochi.
Peiratical Puey would eat of the mochi in some hypothetical situation.

The level four suffixes are also home to our two basic purpose particles, +qoe in order to and +soe lest. I shall note that the locative suffix –exhyeu is also used for positive purpose clauses. What is so fascinating about +qoe and +soe is that even though they are traditionally called level four suffixes, they really do just travel around in the sentence and can even appear at the beginning of a clause or sentence as if just somehow modifying the entire utterance.

Xhùrnamatt totwojiyùtya Puîye khmeníwàyuqei qoe khniêr koxhaxhrejoring stélàraning.
Peiratical Puey eats of the mochi so that the princess will kiss him on purpose.
Qoe khniêr koxhaxhrejoring stélàraning xhùrnamatt totwojiyùtya Puîye khmeníwàyuqei.
In order for the princess to kiss him on purpose, peiratical Puey eats of the mochi.
Xhùrnamatt totwojiyùtya Puîye khmeníwàyuqei soe khniêr koxhaxhrejoring stélàraning.
Unless peiratical Puey eats of the mochi lest the princess will kiss him on purpose.
Soe khniêr koxhaxhrejoring stélàraning xhùrnamatt totwojiyùtya Puîye khmeníwàyuqei.
To keep the princess from kissing him on purpose, peiratical Puey eats of the mochi.

Oh yes, not only are +qoe and +soe fun to say, but they are also very easy to use.

The level four suffixes are also home to three of the forms of the injunctive mood. I shall probably have to save the injunctive mood for an entirely different epistle, but I can at least give you a glimpse of the forms. There are two level four suffixes for the positive injunctive mood, +khrúju qìr xhmé and +xhmuju and one negative form +suju. I find it interesting that +khrúju qìr xhmé is obviously made up of the irrealis particle with the locative phrase qìr xhmé tucked into it. Here are some examples of the injunctive mood in use.
Xhùrnamat khrúje qìr xhmé totwojiyùtya Puîye khmeníwàyuqei!
Xhùrnamat xhmuju totwojiyùtya Puîye khmeníwàyuqei!Peiratical Puey intends to eat of the mochi!
Xhùrnamat suju totwojiyùtya Puîye khmeníwàyuqei!Peiratical Puey intends not to eat of the mochi! You’ll notice that the injunctive mood is also followed by the explanation mark. One of the reasons I think I should delay discussing the injunctive mood is that some of its forms also dwell as level five suffixes such as –ampei and the entire mood as it is manifest in the presumptive mode should all be discussed at the same time. So we may add to the injunctive family this following example, here with the third person suffix –ampein unto it.
Xhurnamatàmpein totwojiyùtya Puîye khmeníwàyuqei!Peiratical Puey intends to eat of the mochi! And finally we have three level four suffixes which denote how a clause comes to pass, +jis before, er Þæt, prior to and +qus after and pfhe+ just as, as, like.
Xhùrnamat jis totwojiyùtya Puîye khmeníwàyuqei qoe khniêr koxhaxhrejoring stélàraning.
Before peiratical Puey eats of the mochi, the princess will kiss him on purpose.
Prior to peiratical Puey’s eating of the mochi, the princess will kiss him on purpose.
Xhùrnamat qus totwojiyùtya Puîye khmeníwàyuqei qoe khniêr koxhaxhrejoring stélàraning.
After peiratical Puey eats of the mochi, the princess will kiss him on purpose.
Xhùrnamat pfhe totwojiyùtya Puîye khmeníwàyuqei qoe khniêr koxhaxhrejoring stélàraning.
Just as peiratical Puey eats of the mochi, the princess will kiss him on purpose.
As peiratical Puey eats of the mochi, the princess will kiss him on purpose.
Like peiratical Puey eats of the mochi, the princess will kiss him on purpose.
In general these syntactic particles are affixed unto either the predicate or the subject, save for +qoe and +soe which may be fronted to the beginning of a clause, and the quasi-specifiers -alwos, -aonyas, efhto, angur which may be affixed unto any case. I think it would be easiest just to take these syntactic particles in the order I have presented them, and so we begin with questions. The suffixes –ájhei and khréxhye are used to form questions, and they are found either upon the predicate, or upon the subject, or upon a locative phrase which occupies the subject position. I do not think I should write too firmly the rule upon –ájhei and khréxhye since it seems that they just point out the idea of interrogativeness unto some salient feature of the clause. Usyorájhei totwojiyulkhayòntet jètra tsenakhàqwuyo fheil khmeníwa fheil xhwaûrntring?Ùsyor khréxhye totwojiyulkhayòntet jètra tsenakhàqwuyo fheil khmeníwa fheil xhwaûrntring?Do the scaramouche or the candy pirate or the ninja spy like the mochi and the pies? The only real salient syntactic issue that one can have with the negative or affirmative question markers ájhei and +khréxhye is that they can be used in all three moods. I’ll give some examples of the comment mood firstly.

Jhkhuyériyájhei Puiyèyejikh Stélar Éfhelìnye?
Will Þe Princess Éfhelìnye love Puey?

Khuswejhkhuyéri xúyalwòsejait jhentàkuxha qéyájheiyàlyir?
Maybe, If I love you, perhaps will you kiß mee?

Ojuxújor khréxhye yoakhwent Fhóngòyejikh Puîyus?
Doth Puîyus eternally fear Þe Æons?

Úqei ker úxha qir lwánolul qìr toâ xhnir Fhermáta khréxhye?
Do Þe blue books in Þe many castlen there belong to Fhermáta?
You can see in this sentence that úqei is the predicate experiencer and there is no subject at all, but +khréxhye is still found used upon the term which is used in the subject position, xhnir Fhermáta.

Qir xaê tlhir Uîtlhu khrèjhar khréxhye’ óxhrejorul qìr pé’ Ixhúja?
In Þe name of Þe Darksome One doth Ixhúja now kill many persons?
I invented this above sentence because it would be the type of example which Great-Uncle Táto would find proper in a grammar, a simple declaritive sentence with a good object, a nice subject, and a predicate involving killing or squishing or smashing something.

One does not find questions used with the irrealis mood too often, but one should be aware of them when one hears or reads of them. One must keep in mind that one can only use on level four suffix upon a single term at a time, and so usually one finds the irrealis mood marker affixed unto the predicate and interrogative term affixed unto the subject or the term in the subject position. Most often the irrealis form used is -étyai or +khrúju which have as their basicing meaning request, necessity.

Jhkhuyériyétyai Puiyèyejikh Stélar Éfhelìnyeyájhei?
Must Princess Éfhelìnye love Puey?

Khuswejhkhuyéri khrúju xúyalwòsejait jhentàkuxha qéyájheiyàlyir?
Maybe, If I have needs for to love you, perhaps will you kiß mee?

Ojuxújor khrúju yoakhwent Fhóngòyejikh Puiyusájhei?
Must Puîyus eternally fear Þe Æons?
In the above example I’ve placed the irrealis marker upon the predicate and the question upon the subject, just to remind you to be aware of such forms.

Úqeiyétyai ker úxha qir lwánolul qìr toâ xhnir Fhermáta khréxhye?
Must Þe blue books in Þe many castlen there belong to Fhermáta?
Since Fhermáta is clearly not the subject I have left the interrogative suffix upon her and left the irrealis marker upon the predicate.

Qir xaê tlhir Uîtlhu khrejharétyai’ óxhrejorul qìr pé’ Ixhúja khréxhye?
In Þe name of Þe Darksome One must Ixhúja now kill many persons?

More common than an interrogative form of the irrealis mood is the interrogative form of the injunctive mood. It’s really just a matter of semantics, I suppose, since the irrealis mood is quite often used for wishes and commands, but the injuctive mood is steeped in intent and prohibition.


Jhkhuyéri xhmuju Puiyèyejikh Stélar Éfhelìnyeyájhei?
Does Princess Éfhelìnye intend to love Puey?

Khuswejhkhuyéri khrúju qìr xhmé xúyalwòsejait jhentàkuxha qéyájheiyàlyir?
Maybe, If I love you, surely you kiß mee?

Ojuxújor xhmuju yoakhwent Fhóngòyejikh Puiyusájhei?
Shall Puey eternally fear Þe Æons?
You will note that the above sentence could be rewritten Ojuxújor khrúju qìr xhmé yoakhwent Fhóngòyejikh Puiyusájhei? with no change of meaning at all, howoever one cannot use a form of –ampei with the eternal aspect, since both –ampei and –oakhwe are level five suffixes. One must use rather +khrúju qìr xhmé or + xhmuju or I suppose just qìr xhmé by itself should suffice.

Ojuxújoroakhwent Fhóngòyejikh qìr xhmé Puiyusájhei?
Shall Puey eternally fear Þe Æons?

Úqei xhmuju ker úxha qir lwánolul qìr toâ xhnir Fhermáta khréxhye?
Must Þe blue books in Þe many castlen there belong to Fhermáta by her intent?

Qir xaê tlhir Uîtlhu khrejharàmpein óxhrejorul qìr pé’ Ixhúja khréxhye?
In Þe name of Þe Darksome One must Ixhúja now kill many persons? We have already learned one method of forming a rather informal question, that of raising the musical pitch accent upon the final syllable of the participle. This works best with a single particple, such as Usyór? Do someone like something or Usyórím? Does someone like something? However, from time to time one sometimes does find a complex clause or sentence with a single rising musical pitch accent on the last word, or sometimes just on the predicate, a question without the affixes –ájhei or +khréxhye. Ùsyor totwojiyulkhayòntet jètra tsenakhàqwuyo fheil khmeníwa fheil xhwaurntríng?Usyór totwojiyulkhayòntet jètra tsenakhàqwuyo fheil khmeníwa fheil xhwaûrntring?Do the scaramouche or the candy pirate or the ninja spy like the mochi and the pies? In the presumptive mode and in the comment mood, it is possible for one to form an emphatic question using reduplication and the negative suffix –axúng which I have not formall introduced, but whose meanin I think you might have guessed by now. The formula is always Predicate-axúng Predicate. Such emphatic questions may be translated as Is it true that? or Does the predicate indeed? or does it do it or not or? does it do this or what? and the like. In such a construction the suffixes –ájhei and +khréxhye are not used. Usyòraxúng ùsyor totwojiyulkhayòntet jètra tsenakhàqwuyo fheil khmeníwa fheil xhwaûrntring?Do the scaramouche or the candy pirate or the ninja spy like the mochi and the pies or what? A very interesting point about questions in Babel, whether of the affirmative or negative variety or in using an interrogative form of the relative pronoun is that one quite often uses the level eight suffix –ories being polite, please. It may be a little difficult to translate a question as please, one just has to give the impression of being polite, in whatever form makes the most sense in context.

Jhkhuyériyájheîyories Puiyèyejikh Stélar Éfhelìnye?
Please, will Þe Princess Éfhelìnye love Puey?
Khuswejhkhuyérìyories xúyalwòsejait jhentàkuxha xúyájheiyàlyir?
Please, maybe If I love you, perhaps will you kiß mee?
Ojuxújor khréxhye yoakhwent Fhóngòyejikh Puiyùsories?
Sorry, but doth Puîyus eternally fear Þe Æons?
Úqei ker úxha qir lwánol qìr toâ xhnir Fhermáta khréxhye yories?
Tell me, but do the blue books in the many castles there belong to Fhermáta?
Qir xaê tlhir Uîtlhu khrèjhàrories khréxhye’ óxhrejorul qìr pé’ Ixhúja?
I’m so sorry, but in the name of the Darksome One doth Ixhúja now kill man persons? Usyorájheîyories totwojiyulkhayòntet jètra tsenakhàqwuyo fheil khmeníwa fheil xhwaûrntring?Ùsyor khréxhye yories totwojiyulkhayòntet jètra tsenakhàqwuyo fheil khmeníwa fheil xhwaûrntring?Please, do the scaramouche or the candy pirate or the ninja spy like the mochi and the pies?Usyòraxúng usyòrories totwojiyulkhayòntet jètra tsenakhàqwuyo fheil khmeníwa fheil xhwaûrntring?With all due respect, do the scaramouche or the candy pirate or the ninja spy like the mochi and the pies or what? Basic affirmative or negative questions can also be asked using the level fifteen suffixes + jhúxe implies negative answer, num and khyáxe implies positive answer, nonne. These suffixes, however, may only be applied unto the subject or at least the most salient subjectlike feature. I shall discuss +jhúxe and +khyáxe at a later time when we finally reach the level fifteen suffixes, but I just wish to introduce some of these freatures. Ùsyor totwojiyulkhayòntet jètra tsenakhàqwuyo fheil khmeníwa fheil xhwaûrntring jhúxe?The scaramouche or the candy pirate or the ninja spy like the mochi and the pies, don’t they?Ùsyor totwojiyulkhayòntet jètra tsenakhàqwuyo fheil khmeníwa fheil xhwaûrntring khyáxe?No, the scaramouche or the candy pirate or the ninja spy like the mochi and the pies, right? Usyòrories totwojiyulkhayòntet jètra tsenakhàqwuyo fheil khmeníwa fheil xhwaûrntring jhúxe?Surely, the scaramouche or the candy pirate or the ninja spy like the mochi and the pies, yes?Usyòrories totwojiyulkhayòntet jètra tsenakhàqwuyo fheil khmeníwa fheil xhwaûrntring khyáxe?Of course not, but do the scaramouche or the candy pirate or the ninja spy like the mochi and the pies? Also later on we shall learn how to ask questions which ask for some specific information, and these types of questions are made up of level eight suffixes such as -ikos where? -ikas when? –ikiis how? and –ikuis why? or an inflexion of an impersonal particle ending in –axiis or an interrogative form of the relative pronoun. I’ll just give you some samples of this crunchy but sweet syntactic flavor to cime. Usyòrikas totwojiyulkhayòntet jètra tsenakhàqwuyo fheil khmeníwa fheil xhwaûrntring?When do the scaramouche or the candy pirate or the ninja spy like the mochi and the pies? Usyòrikuis totwojiyulkhayòntet jètra tsenakhàqwuyo fheil khmeníwa fheil xhwaûrntring jhúxe?Why do the scaramouche or the candy pirate or the ninja spy like the mochi and the pies? Ùsyor totwojiyulkhayòntet jètra khnaolaloîyaxiis tsenakhàqwuyo fheil khmeníwa fheil xhwaûrntring?Wherein places, perchance do the scaramouche or the candy pirate or the ninja spy like the mochi and the pies? Xhyeixhmoas qún ùsyor totwojiyulkhayòntet jètra tsenakhàqwuyo fheil khmeníwa fheil xhwaûrntring?For what purpose do the scaramouche or the candy pirate or the ninja spy like the mochi and the pies? Xhyeixhmoas xhrúfha ùsyor totwojiyulkhayòntet jètra tsenakhàqwuyo fheil khmeníwa fheil xhwaûrntring?For what reason do the scaramouche or the candy pirate or the ninja spy like the mochi and the pies? Xhyoaqoas xhyoaqoas ùsyor totwojiyulkhayòntet jètra tsenakhàqwuyo fheil khmeníwa fheil xhwaûrntring?Whereever do the scaramouche or the candy pirate or the ninja spy like the mochi and the pies? And I suppose that’s really all that I need to explain unto you right now on how to form simple affirmative or negative questions. In terms of the level four suffixes one simply uses –ájhei and +khréxhye upon the predicate or the subject or a term in the subject position. That was rather easy to explain, quite straight froward. Shall we continue onto the irrealis mood? Oh, in the examples above I wanted to add a little fun to the examples, so I used the word khàqwuyo jesters, bourders, japers, clowns, scaramouches, joculators and xhwaûrntri, xhwaûrntring ninja spies or scouts. It seems that you and I have spent quite a bit of time among pirates, ninja spies, and various clowns, and it is only right that they too should have a place in the grammar that you and I are writing for each other, oh Puey my one true love. Now, oh my prince, oh my future lord and husband, we need to discuss moods and modes for a moment. In Babel every single statement is uttered in one of four modes, and each mode is furthermore uttered in one of three moods. Therefore each utterance in Babel may be classified according to its Mode and Mood. These Modes and Moods can be identified by the affixes that swirl about the predicate. Already you have learnt quite a bit about the various Moods used with the Presumptive Mode. In general as we move away from the Presumptive Mode we start using longer suffixes for the Secondary Modes, but then we start using simpler synactic particles about them. I shall try to be very concrete in this description. Babel syntax, I think, is simply gaining an understanding of the underlying grammatical structure of a clause, once one does that one can see in what pattern the words have to be applied in order to make sense, and this affords one a great deal of play and poesy with the language, for when one understands why one term is the subject and why this construction has to follow a certain pattern, then in those rules one can bend and twist the words in ways that no one could have explained before. It is almost as if I’ve sate down and figured out how tone and timber and music all work together, and I’ve labored to create the jerùkhta dream visi-sonors, but it is up to the speaker to create the voice of the song. Once you begin to understand why one uses a Mode in a certain Mood, or why one case is used and not another, than it all fits together in place, all of the complexities of volitionality and word order and song. Babel has four Modes. Modes are simply a manner of speech wherein a given utterance is given some social context for the listener or the reader. Most utterances are in the Presumptive Mode because one just presumes it to be applicable. When speaks in the Presumptive Mode so often that one barely even thinks of it as a Mode, and this is one reason why the Wise have had such difficulty in analyzing language, they did not have the imagination to see it all as part of a coherent system rather than a long list of problems and irregularities. This sentence, for instance, is in the Presumptive Mode: Xhesteûyim stélarùpwar Puîyeyan.Puey kissed the princess on her cheek on purpose. Fairly easy, isn’t it? That’s the Presumptive Mode. The other three Modes are collectively called the Secondary Modes. They consist of the Deferential Mode, the Existential Mode, and the Honorific Mode. The Deferential Mode is used to express an utterance in a way that does not offend the listener or the reader, it means Forgive me, but or I am sorry, but. That Mode can also be used for other types of sentences, but we shall learn more about it later. The Existential Mode, along with its other attributes, simply means that a statement emphatically did happen or come to pass. The Honorific Mode simply means that someone is honoring someone else by causing the utterance to happen. Examples should help. The Deferential Mode: Xhesteuyimopaingate stélarèjikhing Puiyeyònyii.I am sorry, but Puey kissed the princess on her cheek on purpose. Since volitional sentences only exist in the Presumptive Mode, you will notice that the sentence has shifted unto the omnivolitional, with an experiencer subject, and the level eight suffix –onyii used to express volition. The Existential Mode: Puîye’ ól ker xhesteûyim stélarèjikhing.Puey, in fact, kissed the princess on her cheek. The basic meaning of ól is exists, and so one could quite literally parse the above example as Puey exists, and he kissed the princess on her cheek. It is simply just not idiomatic to use the suffix –onyii before ól, and so I do not offer it as an example. Nor would I normally hear it upon the deferential mode, such as follows. The Deferential Mode: Xhesteuyimoxhate kexhrejoring stélarèjikhing Puîye.Puey honors the princess by kissing her on her cheek. Now in all four of the examples given above the same sentence was in one of four modes, but they were all in the same mood, the Comment Mood. The Comment Mood is the basic statement of fact or question. Let us look at the above sentences in the Irrealis Mood. The Presumptive Mode, Irrealis Mood: Xhesteuyimáxeuss stélarùpwar Puîyeyan!May Puey kiss the princess on her cheek on purpose! The Deferential Mode, Irrealis Mood: Xhesteuyimafhuxhline stélarèjikhing Puiyeyònyii!Respectfully, but may Puey kiss the princess on her cheek on purpose! The Existential Mode, Irrealis Mood: Puîye’ ás ker xhesteûyim stélarèjikhing!May Puey, indeed, kiss the princess on her cheek! The Deferential Mode, Irrealis Mood: Xhesteuyimathine kexhrejoring stélarèjikhing Puîye!May Puey honor the princess by kissing her on her cheek! And finally the four Modes may also be expressed in the Injunctive Mood. The Presumptive Mode, Injunctive Mood: Xhesteuyimàmpein stélarùpwar Puîyeyan!Puey intends to kiss the princess on her cheek on purpose! The Deferential Mode, Injuctive Mood: Xhesteuyimoxhate xhmuju stélarèjikhing Puiyeyònyii!Forgive me, but Puey intends to kiss the princess on her cheek on purpose! The Existential Mode, Injunctive Mood: Puîye’ ól khrúju qìr xhmé ker xhesteûyim stélarèjikhing!Puey, indeed, intend to kiss the princess on her cheek! The Deferential Mode, Injunctive Mood: Xhesteuyimoaxhate xhmuju kexhrejoring stélarèjikhing Puîye!Puey intends to honor the princess by kissing her on her cheek! Furthermore each of the Modes and Moods may be inflected for one of five voices. All of the above examples are in the active voice, but you have already learned a little, at least to recognize the middle voice, passive voice, antipassive voice, and mediopassive voice. On top of that the Presumptive Mode may also be inflected for one of five aspects which describe how in time or memory the action or state of the participle is carried out. This need not worry you for the moment. You already know how to write and mostly how to recognize these Modes and Moods and Voices, you just do not quite yet know how they work together. And so we come back to the level four syntactic suffixes for the Irrealis Mood and the Injunctive Mood. The suffixes you shall learn will Irrealis Markers just for the Presumptive Mode, but the Injunctive Markers will be used for all the other Modes as well. We shall take these affixes just a little at a time. Fhermáta wants me summarize just what I want you to learn. This is the way that Grandfather Pátifhar teaches. I’ve noticed that among his former students, even those all grown up, such as my Mother and your Abbá and even Uncle Fhèrkifher, that all of them have picked up the habit from him of teaching something and then pausing and summarizing that salient features. I doubt I shall e'er be a good teacher, but I promise to do my best to teach our children all though but what little I know.
Babel has three moods, the Comment Mood, the Irrealis Mood, and the Injunctive Mood. The Comment Mood is the most common, it is used to express declaritive sentences and simple questions derived thereof, it is used for conditionals, and it is also used for topic-comment sentences, a construction which can only exist in the Comment Mood. The Injunctive Mood as I shall describe in another epistle is used to expression intention, prohibition, vetitation, or even obedience in terms of a future time. The Irrealis Mood is used to form requests, orders, and wishes.
While the Comment Mood has no overt affix to mark its use, and the injunctive mood makes use of a rather lean system of affixes (+ khrúju qìr xhmé or xhmuju or –ampei or just qìr xhmé), the irrealis mood is formed with a wide variety of prefixes and suffixes which have various subtlies in meaning. You have already learned the pronominal prefixes khau- and xie- and those of their series which denote an aspect of humility unto it.

Khauxhesteûyim!
Be shy and kiss someone on the cheek!
Xhrauxhesteûyim qhistélar aîPuîye!
Oh Puey, humble kiss the princess on her cheek!

With the pronominal prefixes khau- and xie- no overt subject need be mentioned, although it may be specified either as the subject or as the vocative.

The level one suffix +qíreu and +qíreu khyi are also a form of the irrealis mood in the presumptive ode.

Óqla wtsát qíreu’ éfhe!
May green flowers have life!
Óqla wtsát qíreu khyi’ éfhe!
Would that green flowers had life!

The level four irrealis suffixes for the presumptive mode are as follows:

·áxeus wish, subjunctivë, optativë (irrealis mood)
+ Khrúje wish, subjunctivë, optativë (irrealis mood)
·áxeus khyi would Þæt, oh Þæt, if only, how may, utinam (strong irrealis mood)
·étyai request, neceßity, imperative (irrealis mood)
+ Khrúju request, neceßity, imperative (irrealis mood)

The suffixes -áxeus, khrúje and -áxeus khyi all take a subject in its appropriate case, and they have as their basic meaning hope or desire. The suffixes –étyai and +khrúju may be used either with a subject or with the vocative case with a slight difference in meaning. –étyai and +khrúju with a subject mean must, is requested, it is imperative that while with the vocative case it is a simple command. The affixes for the irrealis mood may be applied either to the predicate or unto the subject.

Xhthenteqhèyipau Fhermátayáxeus!
Xhthenteqhèyipau Fhermáta khrúje!
May Fhermáta come here!
Let Fhermáta come here!
Xhthenteqhèyipau Fhermátayáxeus khyi!
Would that Fhermáta come here!
Oh that Fhermáta come here!
If only Fhermáta would come here!
How may Fhermáta come here!
Xhthenteqhèyipau Fhermátayétyai!
Xhthenteqhèyipau Fhermáta khrúju!
Fhermáta must come here!
Fhermáta is requested to come here!
It is imperative that Fhermáta come here!

Jhentaxhurnamatétyai!
Jhentaxhùrnamat khrúju!
Eat me!
Jhentaxhurnamatétyai tú!
Jhentaxhùrnamat khrúju tú!
You must eat me!
Jhentaxhórnétyai’ aîFhólus aîyAîya!
Jhèntaxhórn khrúju’ aîFhólus aîyAîya!
Oh Fhólus and Aîya, eat me!
Jhentaxhórnétyai’ aîFhólus aîyAîya tú!
Jhèntaxhórn khrúju’ aîFhólus aîyAîya tú!
Oh Fhólus and Aîya, you must eat me!

When the suffixes –étyai and +khrúju are used with the vocative case, one usually just translates them as simple imperatives. Sometimes the imperatives are used with deictiξ such as -alyar, toa, and +ti, and this simply emforces the meaning of the irrealis mood’s meaning one is requested, needs to, should, must. I am still not entirely sure how commands are formed in the Language of Beasts, but I think that context should make it clear on how to translate –étyai and +khrúje.

Pajexhurnamatétyai’ aîxú!
Eat it!
Pajexhurnamatétyai xúyàlyar!
You must eat it!

The second person irrealis pronominal prefixes are of course unambiguous.

Xhrauxhùrnamat eixhrejor tó!
Be shy and eat it!
Tiixhurnamatàthwar eixhrejor tó.
You must be a bashful eater of it.
The above sentence is actually in the comment mood. I supply it just to remind you that there is always a tension between syntax and semantics, the syntax is clearly in the comment mood, but semantically the suffix –athwar has necessity in common with the irrealis mood.

One regularly forms imperatives with the suffixes étyai and khrúju without the mention of a clear subject. If the predicate is marked singular there is an implied singular vocative subject, of course.

Lreixematétyai!
Read, thou, a lexicon or myth!
Lreîxe khrúju!
Read, ye, a lexicon or myth!
Xhthènteqhe khrúju!
Go, thou!
Xhthènte khrúju!
Go, ye!
Tsenayújarétyai!
Think, thou, of somehting!
Újarétyai!
Think, ye, of something!
Puîye khrúju!
Be a Puey!

And there are abrupt forms for the irrealis mood.

Lreixemàt!
Read, thou, a lexicon or myth!
Lreixè!
Read, ye, a lexicon or myth!
Xhthenteqhè!
Go, thou!
Xhthentè!
Go, ye!
Tsenayujàr!
Think, thou, of somehting!
Ujàr!
Think, ye, of something!
Puiyè!
Be a Puey!

The irrealis mood may be used to form a volitional clause with the subject in the ergative case and the object as an absolutive participle or construct personal pronoun. There are some semantic connexions between the irrealis mode and volitionality of course, both have to do with purpose in a way. I have mentioned before that the ergative case, by its very nature and almost entirely singleness of purpose, since it just exclusively means doing or being something on purpose is extremely marked by nature. That being chanted, the affixes of the irrealis mood tend to be used just on the predicate, and the ergative case is left alone.

Pajexhurnamatétyai túyan!
Eat it on purpose!
Xhrauxhùrnamat eixhrejor túyan!
Be bashful and eat it!!
Lreixematétyai túyan!
Read it because you mean to!
Xhthènte khrúju túyan!
Go ye somewhere on purpose!
Tsenayújarétyai túyan!
Set out to think about something!
Puîye khrúju túyan!
Just be a Puey!

Xhthenteqheyáxeûsipau Fhermátayan!
Xhthènteqhe khrúje yipau Fhermátayan!
May Fhermáta come here on purpose!
Xhthenteqheyáxeus khyi yipau Fhermátayan!
Would that Fhermáta come here on purpose!
Xhthenteqheyétyaîyipau Fhermátayan!
Xhthènteqhe khrúju yipau Fhermátayan!
Fhermáta must come here on purpose!

However, ones does not find non-volitional clauses used with the irrealis mood when used as an order or command. Sentences like the following are not considered non-volitional.

Pajexhurnamatétyai túxhli!
This does not mean Eat it by accident but Eat it by means of you! In a similar fashion:

Xhrauxhùrnamat eixhrejor túxhli!
This is also not non-volitional but a very informal way of saying Humbly eat it by means of you! I say informal both because one expects there to be a subject wih the pronominal prefixes, and also because the sentence doesn’t make a great deal of sense, although I have heard Fhólus and Aîya say even sillier things. Traditional grammarians may consider the above to be illformed or ungrammatical. If one wishes to describe non-volitionality one may of course use the level eight suffix -onwo.

Pajexhurnamatétyaiyònwo!
Accidently eat it!
Xhrauxhurnamatònwo’ eixhrejor tú!
Be humble and accidently eat it!

However, one may form either volitional or non-volitional statements with the irrealis mood when it is not being used as a command, that is, when it just is used to express a wish or hope. Just a few examples should suffice.


Xhthenteqheyáxeûsipau Fhermátàyepakh!
Xhthènteqhe khrúje yipau Fhermáta ser
May Fhermáta come here by accident!
Xhthenteqheyáxeus khyi yipau Fhermáta sae!
Would that Fhermáta come here without meaning to!
Xhthenteqheyétyaîyipau xhlir Fhermáta!
Xhthènteqhe khrúju yipau Fhermátàyepakh!
Fhermáta must come here by accident!

Xhurnamatáxeus totwojiyùtya Puîyeyan khmeníwàyuqei!
Xhùrnamat khrúje totwojiyùtya Puîyeyan khmeníwàyuqei!
May peiratical Puey eat of the mochi because he meant to!
Xhurnamatáxeus totwojiyùtya xhlir Puîye khmeníwàyuqei!
Xhùrnamat khrúje totwojiyùtya Puiyèyepakhh khmeníwàyuqei!
May peiratical Puey eat of the mochi by accident!
Xhurnamatáxeus khyi totwojiyùtya Puîyeyan khmeníwàyuqei!
Would that peiratical Puey eat of the mochi on purpose!
Xhurnamatáxeus khyi totwojiyùtya Puîye ser khmeníwàyuqei!
Would that peiratical Puey eat of the mochi by accident!
Xhurnamatétyai totwojiyùtya Puîyeyan khmeníwàyuqei!
Xhùrnamat khrúju totwojiyùtya Puîyeyan khmeníwàyuqei!
Peiratical Puey must set out and eat of the mochi!
Xhurnamatétyai totwojiyùtya Puiyèyepakhh khmeníwàyuqei!
Xhùrnamat khrúju totwojiyùtya xhlir Puîye khmeníwàyuqei!
Peiratical Puey must chance to eat of the mochi!

I shall just start creating some examples of the use of the irrealis mood with the presumptive mode. Remember that the suffixes -áxeus, +khrúje and -áxeus khyi are all basically jussive or hortatory in meaning while –étyai and +khrúju have an imperative sense unto them.

Khníjuráxeus tlhir ijótlha toe’ éja!
Khníjur khrúje tlhir ijótlha toe’ éja!
May your words sing o'er the whispering mountains!
Khníjuráxeus khyi tlhir ijótlha toe’ éja!
Would that your words sing o'er the whispering mountains!
Khníjurétyai tlhir ijótlha toe’ éja!
Khníjur khrúju tlhir ijótlha toe’ éja!
Your words must sing o'er the whispering mountains!

Xhláráxeus khlíjo xhroe tó!
Xhlár khrúje khlíjo xhroe tó!
May you eat scurrying rocks!
Xhláráxeus khyi khlíjo xhroe tó!
Oh that you eat scurrying rocks!
Xhlárétyai khlíjo xhroe!
Xhlár khrúju khlíjo xhroe!
Eat the scurrying rocks!
Xhlárétyai khlíjo xhroe taê tó!
Xhlár khrúju khlíjo xhroe taê tó!
You, eat the scurrying rocks!
Xhlárétyai khlíjo xhroe túxing!
Xhlár khrúju khlíjo xhroe túxing!
You must eat the scurrying rocks!

Óng xhmé qíreu tóxhrejor!
May your intentions have honor!
Óng xhmé qíreu khyi tóxhrejor!
Oh that your intentions have honor!

Óng xhmé qíreu yoakhwe tóxhrejor!
May your intentions always have honor!
Óng xhmé qíreu khyi yoakhwe tóxhrejor!
Oh that your intentions always have honor!

I’m including the level one suffix +qíreu as an example just as a reminder.

Xhthenteyáxeus xhlir ójo’ okháxeîyan!
Xhthènte khrúje xhlir ójo’ okháxeîyan!
May it be through the water that the birds go on purpose!
Xhthenteyáxeus khyi xhlir ójo’ okháxeîyan!
How may the birds go through the waters on purpose!
Xhthenteyétyai xhlir ójo’ okháxeîyan!
Xhthènte khrúju xhlir ójo’ okháxeîyan!
The birds need to go through the waters on purpose!

Euxiyáxeus tlhir ijótlha khleinayéja!
Eûxi khrúju tlhir ijótlha khleinayéja!
May your words dance o'er the whispering mountains!
Euxiyáxeus khyi tlhir ijótlha khleinayéja!
Would that your words dance o'er the whispering mountains!
Euxiyétyai tlhir ijótlha khleinayéja!
Eûxi khrúju tlhir ijótlha khleinayéja!
Your words need to dance o'er the whispering mountains!

Éjar khrúju!
Speak!
Í khrúju!
Go!
Khníjur khrúju!
Sing!
Oxuxújor khrúju!
Fear!

I find the suffixes –étyai and +khrúju to be quite singular in that they change meaning depending upon the subject. I can think of no other affix which does so. As you have seen it basically means need, requested, it is imperative that, and yet if the subject is meaning or in the vocative case becomes an order. Don’t you find that interesting, Puey? I find it immensely interesting, although not nearly as interesting as find I you. I shall give just a few more examples before moving onto the next topic.

Khníjur khrúju pú.
I need to sing.
Khníjur khrúju’ ó poa.
Perhaps I need to sing.
Khníjur khrúju kó.
They must sing.
Khníjur khrúju kóxing.
He must sing.

Khníjur khrúju tó!
Yee need to sing.
Khníjur khrúju tóxing!
Thou must sing.
Khníjur khrúju taê tó!
Ye, sing!
Khníjur khrúju taê toxing!
Thou, sing!
Khníjur khrúju tú taê Puîye!
Khníjur khrúju taê Puîye!
Oh Puey, sing!
Khníjurétyai!
Sing!

Please note, my love, that these level four syntactic particles used to denote the irrealis mood may also be used with the level five aspect suffixes as well as with adverbials of time.

Khníjuráxeusoâqes tó!
Khníjur khrúje yoaqes tó!
May you be singing!
Khníjuráxeus khyi yoaqes tó!
Would that you be singing!
Khníjurétyaiyoâqes tó!
Khníjur khrúju yoaqes tó!
You must be singing!
Khníjurétyaiyoâqes taê tó!
Khníjur khrúju yoaqes taê tó!
Be singing!

Khníjuráxeusoâkhwes tó!
Khníjur khrúje yoakhwes tó!
May you be eternally singing!
Khníjuráxeus khyi yoakhwes tó!
Would that you be eternally singing!
Khníjurétyaiyoâkhwes tó!
Khníjur khrúju yoakhwes tó!
You must be eternally singing!
Khníjurétyaiyoâkhwes taê tó!
Khníjur khrúju yoakhwes taê tó!
Be eternally singing!

Khníjuráxeusoâkhwes qìr xhré tó!
Khníjur khrúje yoakhwes qìr xhré tó!
May you always have been always singing!
Khníjuráxeus khyi yoakhwes qìr xhré tó!
Would that you always have been always singing!
Khníjurétyaiyoâkhwes qìr xhré tó!
Khníjur khrúju yoakhwes qìr xhré tó!
You must have been always singing!
Khníjurétyaiyoâkhwes qìr xhré taê tó!
Khníjur khrúju yoakhwes qìr xhré taê tó!
Be it that you were always singing!

And this little irrealis form which I once chanted unto Great-Uncle Táto, and he had to look at me a few times to make sense out of it.

Xeûs xeusáxeus xeû’ eû!
May the fangs, being harmony, keep dressing someone!

The above little dittyling makes use of the participle xeûs which means those who dress someone or something. Even though it is quite a short participle it is not our usually way of saying dressing, rather we usually use an idiom of the pattern of Seîtya X tlhir Y Z which is, Z puts X article of clothing on Y, or Z dressed Y in Z, or Y is dressed in X by Z. The participle xeû* means sabor teeth or fangs and it almost always must be possessed, teîwaxeu or koe xeu his fangs, for instance, while eû quite simply is a participle meaning order, harmony and is a form of sound symbolism.

There are a small number of participles which have irregular irrealis forms. I shall discuss them later, but for now I shall give an example of the inflexion of the participle fhérm those who look with wonder or awe upon someone or something. In the Holy Writ of Khniikhèrkhmair one finds the reframe:

Fhérmeu aîqé! †Uipfhayàxhwa †Xhákhàxhwa!
Behold with wonder! He is the Father of Stars!

The suffix -áxeus khyi forms a very strong optative wish.

Xhurnamatáxeus khyi sqakhanàxhmikh Puîyus!
Would that Puîyus eat scurrying rocks!

Khetyaxhórnáxeus khyi Fhólusòntet Aîya!
If only Fhólus and Aîya would just eat each other!

Jiîkhnier jhkhàthwot Siêthiyal xhroe púyáxeus khyi sa!
If only I myself could humbly kiss and hug Siêthiyal!

The irrealis suffix -áxeus khyi is sometimes used with reduplication.

Thòthoas thoasáxeus khyi qlínejikh pú!
How may I throughly ponder Þe beautiful maiden!

Thèker thekeráxeus khyi koaqing qiêl Qírenat pú!
If only I could bounce about upon Þe Emperor’s hill!

Khètyaxhórn xhórnáxeus khyi Fhólusòntet Aîya!
If only Fhólus and Aîya would just gobble each other up!

Jiîkhnier khniêr jhkhàthwot jhkhàthwot Siêthiyal xhroe púyáxeus khyi sa!
If only I myself could humbly kiss and kiss and hug Siêthiyal so tight!

Now I’m wishing that Siêthiyal were here. I just wish that I could squeeze and hug her right now. I’m afraid, my beloved, that your Sister is just not as hug-fain as I am. But I plan on working on her. As soon as I see her again I’m going to squeeze her as hard as I can.

The participles of greeting, khaôqha and pyárs and qáyoakh all mean those who greet, hail, ave, are greeted by, saluted by, presented by someone or something. They usually take the irrealis mood when addressing someone, either with one of the irrealis suffixes or as an unmarked irrealis. These three participles are sometimes a bit eccentric, for they may inflect to represent the person addressed, even though such should the object of the sentence. The reason for this is that khaôqha and pyárs and qáyoakh mean both those who greet someone but also those who are greeted by someone or something. The concept of agent and patient are all interblent, as if these participles were in khyìfhteng, the middle voice.

Khaoqhayáxeus aîPuîye!
Khaôqha khrúje’ aîPuîye!
Khaoqhayétyai’ aîPuîye!
Khaôqha khrúju’ aîPuîye!
Pyársáxeus aîPuîye!
Pyárs khrúje’ aîPuîye!
Pyársétyai’ aîPuîye!
Pyárs khrúju’ aîPuîye!
Qáyoakháxeus aîPuîye!
Qáyoakhh khrúje’ aîPuîye!
Qáyoakhétyai’ aîPuîye!
Qáyoakhh khrúju’ aîPuîye!
Hail, oh Puey!

In the following examples the participles of greeting themselves may take numerical affixes which should belong unto the person being addressed.

Khaoqhayáxeuseng aîFhólus aîyAîya!
Khaôqha khrúje xeng aîFhólus aîyAîya!
Khaoqhayétyaixeng aîFhólus aîyAîya!
Khaôqha khrúju xeng aîFhólus aîyAîya!
Be saluted, oh Fhólus and Aîya!

Xhajhyapyársáxeus aîxúxul!
Xhajhyàpyárs khrúje’ aîxúxul!
Xhajhyapyársétyai’ aîxúxul!
Xhajhyàpyárs khrúju’ aîxúxul!
Be presented oh ye many persons!

Khornaqáyoakháxeus aîjanàkhwún!
Khornaqáyoakhh khrúje’ aîjanàkhwún!
Khornaqáyoakhétyai’ aîjanàkhwún!
Khornaqáyoakhh khrúju’ aîjanàkhwún!
Greetings, oh all of my friends!

Khaoqhà!
Pyárs!
Qáyoâkh!
Greetings! Hail! Ave! Be greeted! Be saluted! Be presented!

These three participles of greeting also double as level eight suffixes of interjection, just as pátifhar and pui do. One most often finds these interjections after a name in the vocative case.

AîKàrijoi khaoqha!
AîKàrijoi pyárs!
AîKàrijoi qáyoakh!
Karijoî pyárs!
Hail, oh Kàrijoi!

AîKhnoqwísi khaoqha!
AîKhnoqwísi pyárs!
AîKhnoqwísi qáyoakh!
Khnoqwísì pyárs!
Hail, oh Khnoqwísi!

Otherwise these three participles are completely regular. One just just keep in mind that they mean both greeting and hailing someone but also being greeted by, saluted by, presented by someone or something.

Khaôqha khleit jin.
Pyárs khleit jin.
Qáyoakhh khleit jin.
I greet you.
I hail you.
I am greeted by you.
I am saluted by you.
I am presented by you.

Khaôqha jitt teir.
Pyárs jitt teir.
Qáyoakh jitt teir.
You greet me.
You hail me.
You are greeted by me.
You are saluted by me.
You are presented by me.

I think by now you have a good grasp on the irrealis suffixes -áxeus, khrúje, -áxeus khyi, -étyai and khrúju. Let’s rest for a few moments and flutter our wings about.

I’m back. Fhermáta is saying that I should write down a little summary of the Irrealis Mood so far since we’ve been introduced to so many forms. I think she’s right. After all, I have the benefit of an education in Eilaxaxhámiwiil in the classical Culture of Khniîkha, and so I tend to try and analyse all things, to figure out how they work and put them back together, to question and teach and then summarize what was found out. Such was the way of our Ancestors when they left the Place of Reeds at the Dawn of Time and stablished my Father’s Empire which shall last beyond all time.

A Summary of the Irrealis Mood Forms
For the Presumptive Mode:

Level Four Pronominal Prefixes:

Irrealis
(Ne Object)
Of mee
Of him
Of him (another)
Of us
Of hem
Of hem (another)
Be thou
Khau·
Xhra·
Xhrau·
Xhrao·
Xhrei·
Xhroa·
Xhroare·
Be yee
Xie·
Khwa·
Khwau·
Khwao·
Khwei·
Khwoa·
Khwoare·

Xhrana· Be thou (root) of nowhat, nowhom; Be thou not (root)
Khwana· Be yee (root) of nowhat, nowhom; Be yee not (root)
Khnenau· Have thou/yee ne (root); be therethither ne (root) of thee, yee

Level One Suffix:

+ Qíreu irrealis of Habeo

Level Four Suffix:

·áxeus wish, subjunctivë, optativë (irrealis mood)
+ Khrúje wish, subjunctivë, optativë (irrealis mood)
·áxeus khyi would Þæt, oh Þæt, if only, how may utinam (strong optativë of irrealis mood)
·étyai request, neceßity, imperative (irrealis mood)
+ Khrúju request, neceßity, imperative (irrealis mood)

This is what we’ve learnt so far, but I’m going to mention a few which you’ve seen before but I have not truly explained yet. We also have:

Level Six Suffix:

·etwúreu* irrealis causative, ensuring construction; may (root) cause, ensure somewhom/somewhat

We have irregular irrealis forms forms both the passive voice and the antipassive voice as follows.

Xhnípeu “be engaged in” (irregular irrealis of xhnípe) [with·go·Þis·tyme]
Jáxeu Be/do (somewhom/somewhat) in general (irregular irrealis of jáxe) (antipaßivë voice)

Also, now, as I move away from the presumptive mode, let me just mention that the deferential mode, existential mode, and honorific modes all have their own irrealis forms. One form, however, you have encountered a few times, Ás means Let it be! May he, she, it exist, betide, be real, be part of the Dreamtime. Ás is from the Ólemern existential mode which may be added to a normal sentence in the Presumptive Mode to form an irrealis periphrastic. For instance the sentnce Ás khmír stélarèjikhing tú! May you love Þe princess. May be seen as always a telling of Khmíráxeus stélarèjikhing tú!!

Finally we have six, or rather six and three sevenths participles which have their own irregular irrealis forms which end in –reu. These are fairly common participles and sometimes one is not even aware that one is using an irregularity. We have khyaê those who see but khyaîreu! Let’s see! We have khyéja those who say but khyejáreu! Say it! We say khyeunujóxai those who look with wonder and khyeunujoxaîreu! look with wonder!. Xhlípi means those who go on, continue and xhlipíreu! Is Go on! Continue! Xhnípi means those who come along and xhnipíreu! means come along! Xhthí signifieth those who hurry, hurry on, hurry up whereas xhthíreu means hurry, hurry on, hurry up! The reason I wrote six and three sevenths irregular participles is because our participle í movement or those who go, come may inflect normally or it may become íreu! Go! Let’s go! Vañu! and the participle fhérm those who look with wonder, awe, with mooreeffoc upon someone or something may also be regular, but it has the irrealis form fhérmeu! Lo! Look with wonder! Voilá! also.

My beloved, I know I wrote before that I would take the level four syntactic suffixes in order, and so we have covered the question suffixes and the irrealis mood suffixes, and so we should contine onto conditions. Babel conditions are actually not at all that complicated in form, but there are a great many different patterns, and so I think that it actually makes better sense to discuss conditionals after we discussed the suffixes -alwos, -aonyas, -efhto and -angur. These last suffixes may function either as adjectival or adverbial elements. I’ll get Fhermáta to paint a nice box for this section.

The Suffixes
-alwos, -aonyas, -efhto, -angur

My beloved, I think shall actually begin this section with examples and just let you see how these suffixes work. They function essentially like level two adjectival suffixes, save that they also almost work as modals.

Xhórneqho wtsátulkhayàlwos qúra.
The regent viceroy kings seldom eat things which might have been green.
The viceroy kings seldom eat hypothetical green things.
Xhórneqho wtsátulkhayaônyas qúra.
The viceroy kings seldom eat things which were habitually green.
Xhórneqho wtsátulkhayèfhto qúra.
The viceroy kings seldom eat things which potentially might have been green.
Xhórneqho wtsátulkhàyangur qúra.
The viceroy kings seldom eat things which are instrinsicly green.
The regent kings seldom eat things which are green by nature.

Pajexhuxurlàlwos qráyiîngta xhroe Siêthiyal.
Siêthiyal may be her mother’s honorer.
Pajexhuxurlaônyas qráyiîngta xhroe Siêthiyal.
Siêthiyal is usually her mother’s honorer.
Pajexhuxurlèfhto qráyiîngta xhroe Siêthiyal.
Siêthiyal is potentially her mother’s honorer.
Siêthiyal has the potential to be her mother’s honoror.
Pajexhuxùrlangur qráyiîngta xhroe Siêthiyal.
Siêthiyal is instrinsicly her mother’s honoror.
Siêthiyal by nature honors her mother.

Jhentaqrauyaônyas tnèfhta.
Mine eyen hypothetically teach me.
Jhentaqrauyaônyas tnèfhta.
Mine eyen keep teaching me.
Jhentaqrauyèfhto tnèfhta.
Mine eyen can teach me.
Jhentaqraûyangur tnèfhta.
Mine eyen naturally teach me.

Khelenathayàlwos jaiqúra.
The honored regent kings may be red.
Khelenathayaônyas jaiqúra.
The honored regent kings can be red.
Khelenathayèfhto jaiqúra.
The honored regent kings are able to be red.
Khelenathàyangur jaiqúra.
The honored regent kings are red by nature.

Jakhtaqtayàlwos xúyàlyir.
Perhaps you may be warriors.
Jakhtaqtayaônyas xúyàlyir.
It seems you are usually warriors.
Jakhtaqtayèfhto xúyàlyir.
Maybe you may be able to be warriors.
Jakhtaqtàyangur xúyàlyir.
Maybe you are naturally warriors.

Tiqúrayàlwos tú.
You humbly may be viceroy kings.
Tiqúrayaônyas tú.
You habitually are humble viceroy kings.
Tiqúrayèfhto tú.
You potentially are shy viceroy kings.
Tiqúrayàngur tú.
You are bashful viceroy kings by nature.

Xhórn óqlayòlkha khelènatha pfho khyeqhiiràlwos.
It is hypothetical that dragons eat red flowers.
Xhórn óqlayòlkha khelènatha pfho khyeqhiiraônyas.
It is usual for dragons eat red flowers.
Xhórn óqlayòlkha khelènatha pfho khyeqhiirèfhto.
It is possible that dragons eat red flowers.
Xhórn óqlayòlkha khelènatha pfho khyeqhiîrangur.
It is customary for dragons to eat red flowers.

I wonder what Fhólus and Aîya are doing now. Would you like to contribute a sample sentence or so? No? Not a one? Can you think of a sentence involving any of the level four syntactic

[smudges]

khyáymat – [smudges]

Here, let me help you write that out. I think I see where this particular bit of nonsense is heading. Here, just let me have the paint brush.

Khyáyimatatseràlwos xhetlhelùlkha wtháyengit thàyim wtháyejait.
Although, perchance, I may eat glass, I eam healthy.
Khyáyimatatseraônyas xhetlhelùlkha wtháyengit thàyim wtháyejait.
Although, perchance, I usually eat glass, I eam healthy.
Khyáyimatatserèfhto xhetlhelùlkha wtháyengit thàyim wtháyejait.
Although, perchance, I can eat glass, I eam healthy.
Khyáyimatatsèrangur xhetlhelùlkha wtháyengit thàyim wtháyejait.
Although, perchance, I naturally eat glass, I eam healthy.

Yes, those are some silly sentences indeed. They use the participles khyáyi, khyáyimat those who eat someone or something as well as xhètlhel anianiglass as well as tháyekh, thàyim those who are healthy.

I we they think of even better example.

Go ahead and write it down. I’ll help you with the syntactic suffixes if

[smudges]

Khyáyimatàlwos qlórqhayùtya pú. Khnenopaingate wthaoyiyùlkha púxhrejor.
I hypothetically eat of thorns. Sorry, but it does not hurt me.
Khyáyimataônyas qlórqhayùtya pú. Khnenopaingate wthaoyiyùlkha púxhrejor.
I usually eat of thorns. Respectfully, it does not hurt me.
Khyáyimatèfhto qlórqhayùtya pú. Khnenopaingate wthaoyiyùlkha púxhrejor.
I can eat of thorns. Forgive me, but it does not hurt me.
Khyáyimàtangur qlórqhayùtya pú. Khnenopaingate wthaoyiyùlkha púxhrejor.
I naturally eat of thorns. With all due respect, it does not hurt me.

Such sentences are just as silly as the last examples. At least we’re learning new words. Qlórqha mean thorns, izziros, k”iska, points, thistles, duniz while wthaôyi means those who hurt someone or something.

The suffixes -alwos, aonyas, efhto, and –angur may be affixed unto any of the seven cases. When they are affixed unto the predicate they may be considered as adverbials or adverbial phrases, but upon the other cases they act as descriptions. For instance, I shall affixes these suffixes unto an example of the locative case, and the syntactic suffixes modify them as if postjectives.

Qir qielàlwosing
On Þe hypothetical hill
Qir qielaônyasing
On Þe habitual hill
Qir qielèfhtoxing
On Þe potential hill
Qir qielànguring
On Þe intrinsick hill

The suffixes alwos, aonyas, efhto, and –angur are semantically non-restrictive. They can be used with all participles, even though participles by their very nature imply all manner of number, markedness, and valency.


A countable substance: Qiêl
Qielàlwos
Hypothetical hills
Qielaônyas
Habitual halls
Qielèfhto
Potential hills
Qiêlangur
Intrinsic hills
Qielàlwos kei.
Hypothetically they are hills.
Qielaônyas kei.
They habitually, usually are hills.
Qielèfhto kei.
They can be hills.
Qiêlangur kei.
They intrinsically are hills.


A mass substance: Ptàjho
Ptajhoyàlwos
Some hypothetical sand
Ptajhoyaônyas
Some habitual sand
Ptajhoyèfhto
Some potential sand
Ptajhòyangur
Some intrinsic sand
Ptajhoyàlwos kei.
Hypothetically it is some sand.
Ptajhoyaônyas kei.
It’s habitually, usually some sand.
Ptajhoyèfhto kei.
It can be some sand.
Ptajhòyangur kei.
It’s intrinsically some sand.


Personal Name: Puîye
Puiyeyàlwos
An hypothetical Puey
Puiyeyaônyas
An habitual Puey
Puiyeyèfhto
A potential Puey
Puiyèyangur
An intrinsick Puey
Puiyeyàlwos kú.
He’s hypothetically Puey.
Puiyeyaônyas kú.
He’s habitually, usually Puey.
Puiyeyèfhto kú.
He can be Puey.
Puiyèyangur kú.
He’s intrinsically Puey.


Intransitive action: Tlhìjhwa
Tlhijhweqheyàlwos
One who hypothetically falls down
Tlhijhweqheyaônyas
One who habitually falls dwn
Tlhijhweqheyèfhto
One who potentially falls down
Tlhijhweqhèyangur
One who intrinsically falls down.
Tlhijhweqheyàlwos kú.
He hypothetically falls down.
Tlhijhweqheyaônyas kú.
He habitually, usually falls down.
Tlhijhweqheyèfhto kú.
He can fall down.
Tlhijhweqhèyangur kú.
He intrinsically falls down.


Transitive action: Khniêr
Khnieràlwos
Those who hypothetically kiss
Khnieraônyas
Those who habitually kiss
Khnierèfhto
Those who potentially kiss
Khniêrangur
Those who intrinsically kiss
Khnieràlwos kú.
They hypothetically kiss someone.
Khnieraônyas kú.
They habitually, usually kiss someone.
Khnierèfhto kú.
They can kiss someone.
Khniêrangur kú.
They intrinsically kiss someone


Ditransitive action: Tlhìkhpe
Tlhikhpenàlwos
One who hypothetically puts something somewhere
Tlhikhpenaônyas
One who habitually puts something somewhere
Tlhikhpenèfhto
One who potentially puts something somewhere
Tlhikhpènangur
One who intrinsically put something somewhere.
Tlhikhpenàlwos kú.
He hypothetically puts something somewhere.
Tlhikhpenaônyas kú.
He habitually, usually puts something somewhere.
Tlhikhpenèfhto kú.
He can put something somewhere.
Tlhikhpènangur kú.
He intrinsically put something somewhere.


Stative action, adjective: Wtsát
Wtsatimàlwos
One who hypothetically is green
Wtsatimaônyas
One who habitually is green
Wtsatimèfhto
One who potentially is green
Wtsatìmangur
One who intrinsically is green
Wtsatimàlwos kú.
He hypothetically is green.
Wtsatimaônyas kú.
He habitually, usually is green.
Wtsatimèfhto kú.
He can be green.
Wtsatìmangur kú.
He intrinsically is green.


Adverb: Qìfhis
Qifhisàlwos
Those who hypothetically never do anything
Qifhisaônyas
Those who habitually never do anything
Qifhisèfhto
Those who potentially never do anything
Qifhìsangur
Those who intrinsically never do anything
Qifhisàlwos kú.
They hypothethically never do anything.
Qifhisaônyas kú.
They habitually, usually never do anything.
Qifhisèfhto kú.
They can never do anything.
Qifhìsangur kú.
They intrinsically never do anything.


In the table above note that I have translated ptàjho as some sand. Don’t forget that any Babel participle may be translated as a, the, some, any something as the sense requireth of it. The Language of Beasts makes a great deal of use of myriad little growls and sighs and mews, where Babel uses inflexion and case. Why the sentence Xhesteûyim jhpaipasàraim Puiyeyanèltal khmeníwàyuqei consisteth but of four words in Language, but in the purrs of beasts it can take twice seven words and one to say, Generic and peiratical Puey kissed the elegant philologist princess on her cheek and on purpose.

The suffixes -alwos, aonyas, efhto and –angur may be used with all of the cases in their various manifestations: the vocative case, the predicate experiencer, the construct case, the ingeminate case, the locative case, the subject experiencer, the unmarked relative clauses in the experiencer case, the absolutive case, and the ergative case.

Vocative Case

Xá´ijótlhayàlwos!
Oh hypothetical whispering mountains!
Xá’ ijótlhayaônyas!
Oh habitual whispering mountains!
Xá’ ijótlhayèfhto!
Oh potential whispering mountains!
Xá’ ijótlhàyangur!
Oh intrinsic whispering mountains!
Xá tnarjhwekhmatàlwos!
Oh you who may paint something!
Xá tnarjhwekhmataônyas!
Oh you who usually paint something!
Xá tnarjhwekhmatèfhto!
Oh you who can paint something!
Xá tnarjhwekhmàtangur!
Oh you intrinsically paint something!
Xá khnieràlwoss stélàrejikh!
Oh you who hypothetically kiss princess!
Xá khnieraônyass stélàrejikh!
Oh you who usually kiss princess!
Xá khnierèfhto stélàrejikh!
Oh you who can kiss princess!
Xá khniêrangur stélàrejikh!
Oh you who kiss princesses by nature!

Predicate Experiencer

Ijótlhayàlwos kei.
They may be whispering mountains.
Ijótlhayaônyas kei.
They usually are whispering mountains.
Ijótlhayèfhto kei.
They can be whispering mountains.
Ijótlhàyangur kei.
They are whispering mountains by nature.
Khnieràlwoss stélàrejikh kúxing.
He may be kissing princesses.
Khnieraônyass stélàrejikh kúxing.
He usually kisses princesses.
Khnierèfhto stélàrejikh kúxing.
He can kiss princesses.
Khniêrangur stélàrejikh kúxing.
He intrinsically kisses princesses.

Construct Case

Jaê’ ijótlhayaxhmikhàlwos púxing.
I see the hypothetical whispering mountains.
Jaê’ ijótlhayaxhmikhaônyas púxing.
I usually see whispering mountains.
Jaê’ ijótlhayaxhmikhèfhto púxing.
I see the potential whispering mountains.
Jaê’ ijótlhayaxhmìkhangur púxing.
I see what are naturally whispering mountains.
Jaê tsenakhnierejikhàlwoss stélàrejikh púxing.
I see the one who may kiss the princesses.
Jaê tsenakhnierejikhaônyass stélàrejikh púxing.
I see the one who usually kisses princesses.
Jaê tsenakhnierejikhèfhto stélàrejikh púxing.
I see the one who can kiss princesses.
Jaê tsenakhnierejìkhangur stélàrejikh púxing.
I see the one who naturally kisses princesses.

Ingeminate Case

Jaê’ ijótlhayàxhmikh áxha pfhu yalwos púxing.
I see the whispering mountains that hypothetically may be red.
Jaê’ ijótlhayàxhmikh áxha pfhu yaonyas púxing.
I see the whispering mountains that are usually red.
Jaê’ ijótlhayàxhmikh áxha pfhu yefhto púxing.
I see the whispering mountains that can be red.
Jaê’ ijótlhayàxhmikh áxha pfhu yangur púxing.
I see the whispering mountains that are red by nature.
Jaê tsenastélàrejikhh khniêr kae yalwos Puiyùsejikh púxing.
I see the princess who may kiss Puîyus.
Jaê tsenastélàrejikhh khniêr kae yaonyas Puiyùsejikh púxing.
I see the princess who usually kisses Puîyus.
Jaê tsenastélàrejikhh khniêr kae yefhto Puiyùsejikh púxing.
I see the princess who can kiss Puîyus.
Jaê tsenastélàrejikhh khniêr kae yangur Puiyùsejikh púxing.
I see the princess who naturally kisses Puîyus.

Locative Case

Xhthènteqhe xhmir ijótlhayàlwos Éfhelìnye.
Éfhelìnye goeth untowards the hypothetical whispering mountains.
Xhthènteqhe xhmir ijótlhayaônyas Éfhelìnye.
Éfhelìnye goeth untowards the habitual whispering mountains.
Xhthènteqhe xhmir ijótlhayèfhto’ Éfhelìnye.
Éfhelìnye goeth unto the potential whispering mountains.
Xhthènteqhe xhmir ijótlhàyangur Éfhelìnye.
Éfhelìnye goeth unto the intrinsic whispering mountains.
Xhthènteqhe tsena xhmir khnieràlwos Puiyùsejikh púxing.
I go untowards the one who may kiss Puîyus.
Xhthènteqhe tsena xhmir khnieraônyas Puiyùsejikh púxing.
I go untowards the one who habitually kisses Puîyus.
Xhthènteqhe tsena xhmir khnierèfhto Puiyùsejikh púxing.
I go untowards the one who can kiss Puîyus.
Xhthènteqhe tsena xhmir khniêrangur Puiyùsejikh púxing.
I go untowards the one who intrinsically kisses Puîyus.

Experiencer Case

Wtsàtim ijótlhayalwosoâkhwe.
The hypothetical mountain is always green.
Wtsàtim ijótlhayaonyasoâkhwe.
The habitual mountain is always green.
Wtsàtim ijótlhayefhtoyoâkhwe.
The potential mountain is always green.
Wtsàtim ijótlhayanguroâkhwe.
The intrinsic mountain is always green.
Jijíxhe khnieralwosoâkhwe Puiyùsejikh.
The one who hypothetically always kisses Puîyus laughes.
Jijíxhe khnieraonyasoâkhwe Puiyùsejikh.
The one who usually always kisses Puîyus laughs.
Jijíxhe khnierefhtoyoâkhwe Puiyùsejikh.
The one who can always kiss Puîyus laughs.
Jijíxhe khnieranguroâkhwe Puiyùsejikh.
The one who by nature always kisses Puîyus laughs.

Unmarked Relative Clause in the Experiencer Case

Wtsàtim ijótlha’ áxhayàlwos.
The mountain which hypothetically may be red is green.
Wtsàtim ijótlha’ áxhayaônyas.
The mountain which usually is red is green.
Wtsàtim ijótlha’ áxhayèfhto.
The mountain which can be red is green.
Wtsàtim ijótlha’ áxhàyangur.
The mountain which intrinsically is red is green.
Jijíxhe qé khnieràlwos Puiyùsejikh.
The person who may kiss Puîyus laughs.
Jijíxhe qé khnieraônyas Puiyùsejikh.
The person who usually kisses Puîyus laughs.
Jijíxhe qé khnierèfhto Puiyùsejikh.
The person who can kiss Puîyus laughs.
Jijíxhe qé khniêrangur Puiyùsejikh.
The person who naturally kisses Puîyus laughs.

Absolutive Case

Wtsàtim ijótlhayàlwos.
The hypothetical mountain is green.
Wtsàtim ijótlhayaônyas.
The habitual mountain is green.
Wtsàtim ijótlhayèfhto.
The potential mountain is green.
Wtsàtim ijótlhàyangur.
The intrinsic mountain is green.
Jijíxhe khnieràlwos Puiyùsejikh.
The one who hypothetically kisses Puîyus laughes.
Jijíxhe khnieraônyas Puiyùsejikh.
The one who usually kisses Puîyus laughs.
Jijíxhe khnierèfhto Puiyùsejikh.
The one who can kiss Puîyus laughs.
Jijíxhe khniêrangur Puiyùsejikh.
The one who by nature kisses Puîyus laughs.
Jaê’ ijótlhayalwosùpwar púyan.
I see the hypothetical mountain on purpose.
Jaê’ ijótlhayaonyasùpwar púyan.
I see the habitual mountain on purpose.
Jaê’ ijótlhayefhtoyùpwar púyan.
I see the potential mountain on purpose.
Jaê’ ijótlhayangurùpwar púyan.
I see the natural mountain on purpose.
Khniêr stélaralwosòjhwa púyan.
I kiss the hypothetical princesses on purpose.
Khniêr stélaraonyasòjhwa púyan.
I kiss the habitual princesses on purpose.
Khniêr stélarefhtoyòjhwa púyan.
I see the potential princesses on purpose.
Khniêr stélaranguròjhwa púyan.
I see the natural princesses on purpose.

Ergative Caste

Jaê’ ijótlha jakhtaqtayanàlwos.
The hypothetical warriors see the whispering mountains on purpose.
Jaê’ ijótlha jakhtaqtayanaônyas.
The habitual warriors see the whispering mountains on purpose.
Jaê’ ijótlha jakhtaqtayanèfhto.
The potential warriors see the whispering mountains on purpose.
Jaê’ ijótlha jakhtaqtayànangur.
The natural warriors see the whispering mountains on purpose.
Khniêr stélarùpwar Puiyusanàlwos.
Hypothetical Puîyus kisses the princess on purpose.
Khniêr stélarùpwar Puiyusanaônyas.
Habitual Puîyus kisses the princess on purpose.
Khniêr stélarùpwar Puiyusanèfhto.
Potential Puîyus kisses the princess on purpose.
Khniêr stélarùpwar Puiyusànangur.
Natural Puîyus kisses the princess on purpose.

The level four syntactic suffix –alwos may also be used to form conditional clauses as I shall describe later. For now I shall just give you the xhrètsengu formula and let you bask in the glory of syntax.

Princess, my Sister?

Yes?

I think you’re the only one in Creation who has e'er basked in syntax.

I’m sure someone else has.

Ah, no. From that books that Grandfather Pátifhar made us read, I think the ancient Grammarians only thought of language as a mean of recitation and ritual rather than as an artwork of itself. One cannot possibly imagine wy.

My Sister, I’m sure others love language as much as I do. Such as Puey …

Ah … he still doesn’t talk. Perhaps you’ll be lucky and have grammarian children.

The basic formula for using –alwos to form a condition is as follows.

X·alwos Y A B
X Y·alwos A B
If Y X, B A
X Y A·alwos B
X Y A B·alwos
Y X, if B A

And one may use that to write sentences such as these.

Khnieràlwos Puiyùsejikh Éfhelìnye jijíxhe pú.
Khniêr Puiyùsejikh Éfhelinyeyàlwos jijíxhe pú.
If Éfhelìnye kißes Puîyus, I shall laugh.
Khniêr Puiyùsejikh Éfhelìnye jijíxheyàlwos pú.
Khniêr Puiyùsejikh Éfhelìnye jijíxhe púyalwos.
Éfhelìnye kißes Puîyus, if I laugh.

Is that really all there is, my Sister? One would think that conditionals would be far more complicated. I remember when Grandfather Pátifhar was explaining mathmatics and logic for us, all If Pàqa then Qìkal.

Conditionals in Language are actually very simple. But I just wish to hint upon them now while I discuss the use of the suffixes -alwos, aonyas, efhto, angur. Now, one can certainly form a periphrastic phrase which comes close to the meaning of the suffix –efhto when one uses either the participle qthòwo those who are possible, able to happen or be done or xhnefhoâxei possible things either as unmarked relative clauses or in the ingeminate case.

Qiêl qthòwo
Qiêl xhnefhoâxei
Possible hills
Qiêl qthòwo kei.
Qiêl xhnefhoâxei kei.
They can be hills..
Ptàjho qthòwo
Ptàjho xhnefhoâxei.
Some possible psand.
Ptàjho qthòwo kei.
Ptàjho xhnefhoâxei kei.
It can be some psand.
Puîye qthòwo.
Puîye xhnefhoâxei.
A possible Puey.
Puîye qthòwo kei.
Puîye xhnefhoâxei kei.
He can be Puey.
Tlhìjhweqhe qthòwo
Tlhìjhweqhe xhnefhoâxei
One who possibly falls down
Tlhìjhweqhe qthòwo kú.
Tlhìjhweqhe xhnefhoâxei kú.
He can falldown.
Khniêr qthòwo
Khniêr xhnefhoâxei
Tho who possibly kiß
Khniêr qthòwo kú.
Khniêr xhnefhoâxei kú.
He can kiß someone.
Tlhìkhpen qthòwo
Tlhìkhpen xhnefhoâxei
One who possibly puts something somewhere.
Tlhìkhpen qthòwo kú.
Tlhìkhpen xhnefhoâxei kú.
He can putsomething somewhere.
Wtsàtim qthòwo
Wtsàtim xhnefhoâxei
One who potentialwise yzzz red
Wtsàtim qthòwo kú.
Wtsàtim xhnefhoâxei kú.
Hee can be red.
Qìfhis qthòwo
Qìfhis xhnefhoâxei
Those who possibly never do anything.
Qìfhis qthòwo kú.
Qìfhis xhnefhoâxei kú.
He can never do anything.

The participles qthòwo and xhnefhoâxei may be applied unto all of the manifestations of our glorious hierarchy of cases, the vocative case, predicate experiencer, construct case, ingeminate case, locative case, subject experiencer, unmarked relative clauses in the experiencer case, the absolutive case, and the ergative case.

Modifying the Vocative Case

Xá’ ijótlha qthòwo!
Oh possible whispering mountains!
Xá tnarjhwèkhmat xhnefhoâxei!
Oh you who can paint something!
Xá khniêr qthòwo stélàrejikh
Oh you who can kiß princesses!

Modifying the Predicate Experiencer Case

Ijótlha qthòwo kei.
They can be whispering mountains
Khniêr xhnefhoâxei stélàrejikh kúxing.
He can kiß princesses.

Modifying the Construct Case

Jaê’ ijótlhayàxhmikh qthòwo pfhu púxing.
I see Þe possible whispering mountains.
Jaê khniêrejikh xhnefhoâxei kae stélàrejikh púxing.
I see one who can kiß princesses.

Modifying the Ingeminate Case

Jaê’ ijótlhayàxhmikh áxha qthòwo pfhu púxing.
I see Þe whispering mountains that can be red.
Jaê stélàrejikhh khniêr xhnefhoâxei kae Puiyùsejikh púxing.
I see Þe princess who can kiß Puîyus.

Modifying the Locative Case

Xhthènteqhe xhmir ijótlha qthòwo pfhu’ Éfhelìnye.
Éfhelìnye goeth to Þe possible whispering mountains.
Xhthènteqhe xhmir khniêr xhnefhoâxei kae Puiyùsejikh púxing.
I go untowards Þe one who can kiß Puîyus.

Modifying the Subject Experiencer

Wtsàtim ijótlhayoâkhwe qthòwo.
The possible mountain is always green.
Jijíxhe khnierâkhwe xhnefhoâxei Puiyùsejikh.
The one who can always kiss Puîyus laughs.

Modifying the Unmarked Relative Clause in the Experiencer Case

Wtsàtim ijótlha’ áxha qthòwo.
The mountain which can be red is green.
Jijíxhe qé khniêr xhnefhoâxei Puiyùsejikh.
The person who can kiss Puîyus laughs.

Modifying the Absolutive Case

Wtsàtim ijótlha qthòwo.
The possible mountain is green.
Jijíxhe khniêr xhnefhoâxei Puiyùsejikh.
The one who can kiss Puîyus laughs.
Jaê’ ijótlhayùpwar qthòwo pfhu púyan.
I see the possible mountain on purpose.
Khniêr stélaròjhwa xhnefhoâxei kae púyan.
I see the possible princesses on purpose.

Modifying the Ergative Caste

Jaê’ ijótlha jakhtàqtayan qthòwo.
The possible warriors see the whispering mountains on purpose.
Khniêr stélarùpwar Puîyusan xhnefhoâxei.
Possible Puîyus kisses the princess on purpose.

It is important to note, oh Puey my love, that some of the affixes are mutually exclusive while others are not. So far we have met three different levels of affix families that may be used to apply multiple members unto the same word. For instance one may add more than one of the level three number prefixes, more than one of the level two adjective suffixes, and more than one of the level three color suffixes unto the same word. And so once hears:

Qyèkhen janyasikhyajètra púxhli.
I chanced to strike the twice six pies.
Qyèkhen jetrayaptiyàntunt púxhli.
I chanced to strike the warm and tasty pies.

Qyèkhen jetrayulrukhaîlwa púxhli.
I chanced to strike the blue and orange pies.

The level two adjective suffixes may also be applied unto personal pronouns.

Qyèkhen eixhrejoraptiyantunt púxhli.
I chanced to strike the warm and tasty things.

However, most of the affixes are exclusive, one may use just one of each family and no more. For instance the level five aspect and injunction suffixes may only be used one per participle. One may say:

Khnieràmpein Éfhelinyèyejikh Puîyus.
Puîyus intends to kiß Éfhelìnye.

Ør

Khnieròjhwan Éfhelinyèyejikh Puîyus.
Puîyus kißes Éfhelìnye many times.

But one never says Khnierampeiyojhwa’ Éfhelinyeyejikh Puiyus, for the participle of that utterance has two level five suffixes, both the injunctive mood suffix –ampei and the imperfect aspect suffix -ojhwa. However, one may say:

Khniêr xhmuju yojhwan Éfhelinyèyejikh Puîyus.
Puîyus intends to kiß Éfhelìnye many times.

The reason one may say such is because the injunctive mood particle +xhmuju is a level four suffix, while –ojhwa is a level five suffix. The exclusivity of the syntactic and aspectual suffixes is constrasted with the level fifteen swètwa suffixes which one may be used in multiple numbers after the same participle and personal pronoun and relative pronoun.

Khniêr Éfhelinyèyejikh Puiyusàxhwa jhúxe?
Puîyus indeed did not kiß Éfhelìnye, did ee?

With regards to the level four syntactic suffixes, it is important to note that they are exclusive. That is, one may only affix one of these suffixes and no more unto any semantically non-restrictive sùkhpat participle at a time. The following utterances, as you shall read, are just tretìyaxúng, ungrammatical and unintelligible:

Khnieryalwosájhei
Khnieraonyasájhei
Khnierefhtoyájhei
Khnierangurájhei

Suppose one wishes to say Can Puîyus kiss Éfhelìnye? One could not say: Khnierefhtoyájhei’ Éfhelinyeyejikh Puîyus. One could of course recast the stèti sentence, perhaps one could use conjoined ei or a xhnir+ modal and say:

Xhneifhoaxeiyájhei’ ei khniêr Éfhelinyèyejikh Puîyus?
Khnier Éfhelinyèyejikhh khithyuyájhei xhnir Puîyus?
Can Puîyus kiß Éfhelìnye?

The first example makes use of the participle I introduced above, xhnefhoâxei possible things, while the second example uses a modal construct, in this cae khìthyu xhnir X, X can, is able to …

An one wishes to use two level four syntactic participles in a stèti sentence, the general practice, as I have observed it, is to place the suffixes -alwos, aonyas, efhto or –angur upon the predicate and the other syntactic particle upon the subject.

Khnierèfhto’ Éfhelinyèyejikh Puiyusájhei?
Can Puîyus kiß Éfhelìnye?

Here are some examples of using two different level four syntactic particles upon the same clause.

Khniêr Éfhelinyèyejikh Puiyusájhei?
Khniêr Éfhelinyèyejikh Puîyus khréxhye?
Doth Puîyus kiß Éfhelìnye?
Khnieràlwos Éfhelinyèyejikh Puiyusájhei?
Khnieràlwos Éfhelinyèyejikh Puîyus khréxhye?
Doth Puîyus hypothetically kiß Éfhelìnye?
Khnieraônyas Éfhelinyèyejikh Puiyusájhei?
Khnieraônyas Éfhelinyèyejikh Puîyus khréxhye?
Doth Puîyus usually kiß Éfhelìnye?
Khnierèfhto’ Éfhelinyèyejikh Puiyusájhei?
Khnierèfhto’ Éfhelinyèyejikh Puîyus khréxhye?
Can Puîyus kiß Éfhelìnye?
Khniêrangur Éfhelinyèyejikh Puiyusájhei?
Khniêrangur Éfhelinyèyejikh Puîyus khréxhye?
Doth Puîyus by nature kiß Éfhelìnye?

Khniêr Éfhelinyèyejikh Puiyusáxeus!
Khniêr Éfhelinyèyejikh Puîyus khrúje!
May Puîyus kiß Éfhelìnye!
Khnieràlwos Éfhelinyèyejikh Puiyusáxeus!
Khnieràlwos Éfhelinyèyejikh Puîyus khrúje!
May Puîyus hypothetically kiß Éfhelìnye!
Khnieraônyas Éfhelinyèyejikh Puiyusáxeus!
Khnieraônyas Éfhelinyèyejikh Puîyus khrúje!
May Puîyus usually kiß Éfhelìnye!
Khnierèfhto’ Éfhelinyèyejikh Puiyusáxeus!
Khnierèfhto’ Éfhelinyèyejikh Puîyus khrúje!
May Puîyus potentially kiß Éfhelìnye!
Khniêrangur Éfhelinyèyejikh Puiyusáxeus!
Khniêrangur Éfhelinyèyejikh Puîyus khrúje!
May Puîyus by nature kiß Éfhelìnye!

Khniêr Éfhelinyèyejikh Puiyusáxeus khyi!
Would Þæt Puîyus kiß Éfhelìnye!
Khnieràlwos Éfhelinyèyejikh Puiyusáxeus khyi!
Would Þæt Puîyus hypothetically kiß Éfhelìnye!
Khnieraônyas Éfhelinyèyejikh Puiyusáxeus khyi!
Would Þæt Puîyus usually kiß Éfhelìnye!
Khnierèfhto’ Éfhelinyèyejikh Puiyusáxeus khyi!
Would Þæt Puîyus potentially kiß Éfhelìnye!
Khniêrangur Éfhelinyèyejikh Puiyusáxeus khyi!
Would Þæt Puîyus by nature kiß Éfhelìnye!

Khniêr Éfhelinyèyejikh Puiyusétyai!
Khniêr Éfhelinyèyejikh Puîyus khrúju!
Puîyus must kiß Éfhelìnye!
Khnieràlwos Éfhelinyèyejikh Puiyusétyai!
Khnieràlwos Éfhelinyèyejikh Puîyus khrúju!
Puîyus must hypothetically kiß Éfhelìnye!
Khnieraônyas Éfhelinyèyejikh Puiyusétyai!
Khnieraônyas Éfhelinyèyejikh Puîyus khrúju!
Puîyus must usually kiß Éfhelìnye!
Khnierèfhto’ Éfhelinyèyejikh Puiyusétyai!
Khnierèfhto’ Éfhelinyèyejikh Puîyus khrúju!
Puîyus must potentially kiß Éfhelìnye!
Khniêrangur Éfhelinyèyejikh Puiyusétyai!
Khniêrangur Éfhelinyèyejikh Puîyus khrúju!
Puîyus must by nature kissssss –

[smudges]

Puey, this is Fhermáta. Your bride Éfhelìnye is nodding off a little. I think here in this timeless and deathless realm that our dearest little Princess has been forgetting to sleep. I’m going to put her down and go ahead and send this unto you by the very curious but efficacious Ravens fluttering at the edge of the Starscapes. Please take care of yourself and the acolytes and Abbá and Grandfather Pátifhar. I’m quite certain that I can take care of the Princess for as long as the Stars keep interest in us all and keep us within their petrescent and light worlds.

Thine,
Fhermáta