The Locative Case is E'er So Much Fun -- Part 1
http://sites.google.com/site/psalmofdreams/Home/introduction-to-babel-grammar/the-locative-case-is-e-er-so-much-fu
Notebook Entry: The Locative Case is E'er so Much Fun, and I’m still not going home
This is Fhermáta. Grandfather Pátifhar has changed his mind about sending Éfhelìnye back home with the Sweqhàngqu. Puey told me that some ambassadors from the holy Virgin Empress’ family have come and are petitioning to have possession of the Princess. Éfhelìnye is very scared right now, but I thought it would calm her down if she could go back to writing her referance grammar for Puey.
I hope Puey will sneak by to see us. In fact, now may be about a good time for Puey to come and just take us all away from us. As adored and wonderous as the Clan of Áme may be, the Immortals probably do not know how to take care of a young woman, especially one as special as our Princess.
Now, why am I writing all of this in her notebook? And who’s supposed to be reading this?
Um, we can discuss the locative case in general, Fhermáta. As you can see from the chart there are a great many endings for it. Most of them are fairly straightful and an example or so will surfice to show how it is used. However, other forms of the locative case, such as the partitive genitive form, we shall have to disentangle from the rest of the case and examine piece by piece.
Is Puey coming by anytime soon?
I don’t know, Princess. I don’t think we should leave the room. It’s not really our place.
Is Mamà out there?
I don’t know. I’m sure if anyone wants us, someone will come for us.
Ahem: The locative forms that take -atser, -aloi, -exhyeu, +se and qir have as their basic meaning being in, at, on someone or something. They are often used with time words as well as for space and memory words.
Xhajhyalrúnatser xhthènte khyèqhiir.
Many times in Þe past Þe Dragons came.
Xhthènteqhe Jaraqtuyèxhyeu Fhermáta.
Fhermáta wended about in Jaràqtu.
Teiqhalwánolèxhyeu jaiqúrayùpwar.
Þe honored Viceroy king is inna his castle.
The suffix –exhyeu is also used to create purpose clauses.
Tuînamat xhajhyayóqlayòlkha’ Éfhelinyeyàswaor Puîye pajekuxhayèxhyeu wtháyèlkhim.
Puey gave many flowren to Éfhelìnye, his friend, so that he may kiss her.
Khetyaxhuxurlétyai khuswexhuxorlèxhyeu xú.
Honor yourself so that othren will honor you.
Jhentayéfhèyepakhh khuswèxhuxorl thwárengit.
With my life perchance I do you honor.
Qrauyelónge Fhermátàyejikhh khelenathàyepakh qúra.
Þe viceroy king taught Fhermáta by means of red things.
Teiqhalwánòlaloi jaiqúra.
Þe honored viceroy king is inside his own castle.
Xhthenteyèfhto qiêlufhar wtháyájhei?
Can they perhaps go beneath Þe hills?
Xhthenteyèfhto qiêlujhar wtháyájhei?
Can they perhaps o to Þe top of Þe hill?
Wtháyuqeîyenukh xhthenteqheyájhei Jaraqtùyutakh qéyàlyir?
Will you perhaps come mwith us to Jaràqtu?
Jhentàxhuxorl xhthènte’ éfhèyofhiet.
Those who go beyond life honor us.
Xhthènte qrauyùjhwa thwár.
They came from Þe teachren.
Xhthentè stélarùjhwa!
Come away from Þe princesses!
The suffixes -ujhwa, ekhmo, epwo mean from, out of, about, concerning, depending on context –ujhwa which can only be applied to a person can also mean written by. The suffix –eitlho however is unambiguous and means about, concerning.
Khmùtlhót Puiyusùjhwa tepoxhmi.
We have stories about, concerning, of Puîyus
Khmùtlhót Puiyuseîtlho tepoxhmi.
We have stories about Puîyus.
Tlhót are stories, language
Khmupúqe Puiyusùjhwa tepoxhmi.
We have beek of Puîyus.
We have beek written by Puîyus.
Khmupúqe Puiyuseîtlho tepoxhmi.
We have books about Puîyus
And púqe is another word that means books.
Siêthiyal Jaraqtuyèkhmo’ úneqhèyengit.
I, perchance, am Siêthiyal of Þe land of Jaràqtu.
Now consider this construction:
Qhàjae khuswepfhupàyejikhh khmérnùlkha pú.
I humbly see those persons of yours who resemble things.
Khuswepfhupàyejikhh is the object of qhàjae and it means of your persons who resemble someone or something. It seems a little awkward, but it’s perfectly grammatical, even though one doesn’t always hear a participle with a possessive prefix modified by the construct case.
The suffix –aswaor is extremely common. It is used for both indirect objects and for the Habeo expression, that is to express X hath Y.
Khornayóqla xhmoe khnituinamàtafham pú kae wtháyaswaoràlyir.
For your benefit, friend that you are, are all Þe flowren which I give.
You, friend that you are, have all the flowers which I give.
Khornayóqla xhmoe khnituinamatájafham pú kae wtháyaswaoràlyir.
For your benefit, stranger that you are, are all Þe flowren which I give.
You, stranger that you are, have all the flowers which I give.
Tuînamat peifhayùlkha Puiyusàswaor qíriniîle.
Þe viceroy queen gave love to Puiyus, hir friend.
Tuinamatája peifhayùlkha Puiyusàswaor qíriniîle.
Þe viceroy queen gave love to Puiyus, although a stranger.
Lwánol tsenaqúrayàswaor.
Tsenaqúrayàswaor lwánol.
Þe Viceroy king hath castlen.
For participles the word can be either X Y-aswaor or Y-aswaor X and both still mean Y hath X. It will be different for personal pronouns, but we’ll get to that later.
Koaselónge stélàrejikh Puîyus xúyaswaorapònya’ óqla
Puiyus, who may have flowren, loves Þe princess.
Indirect objects may also be expressed by pronominal supplementation providing that it consists of a third person object followed by a fourth person.
Seyuntèkhmat tlhìkhyeqhiir juQírenat kú.
He humbly governs Þe dragons for Þe Emperor.
He humbly governs the dragons on behalf of the Emperor.
Seîxhuxurl khnustélar juQírenat kú.
He humbly honors Þe princess for Þe Emperor.
He humbly honors Þe princess on behalf of the Emperor.
Lwánol qúrayèntiring.
Qúrayèntiring lwánol.
Castlen belong to Þe Viceroy king.
Xhthènte Fhermátàyuqei khyèqhoir.
Þe female dragons were walking along with Fhermáta.
The suffix –atser is the suffix version of the prefix pejor+, and like it has no single translation into the tounges of beasts. Essentially pejor+/-atser turn the participle into an adverbial or subordinate clause, wherein case one may translate it according to sense, such as since and because and when and while and provided that and if and an. Both pejor+ and –atser refer back to the subject if no explicit subject in the subordinate clasue is stated.
Lwangpejèyatser xhthentèyukau thwárengit.
Pejor lwàngpeja xhthentèyukau thwárengit.
Since we are small farmren, perhaps we are going yonder.
Because we are small farmren, perhaps we are going yonder.
When we are small farmren, perhaps we are going yonder.
While we are small farmren, perhaps we are going yonder
Provided that we are small farmren, perhaps we are going yonder.
If we are small farmren, perhaps we are going yonder.
An we are small farmren, perhaps we are going yonder.
Usyórìmatser wtsátùlkha xúyejait jhkhuyéri’ óqlayòlkha xúyejait.
Pejor usyórim wtsátùlkha xúyejait jhkhuyéri’ óqlayòlkha xúyejait.
Since I like green things, perhaps I love flowren.
Because I like green things, perhaps I love flowren.
When I like green things, perhaps I love flowren.
While I like green things, perhaps I love flowren.
Provided that I like green things, perhaps I love flowren.
If I like green things, perhaps I love flowren.
An I like green things, perhaps I love flowren.
Khuswekoaselóngèyatser Puîyus tutuînamat óqlayòlkha túxhmi qé.
Khuswe pejor koaselónge Puîyus tutuînamat óqlayòlkha túxhmi qé.
Since Puîyus loves you, friend that you are, he will give you flowren
Because Puîyus loves you, friend that you are, he will give you flowren
When Puîyus loves you, friend that you are, he will give you flowren
While Puîyus loves you, friend that you are, he will give you flowren
Provide that Puîyus loves you, friend that you are, he will give you flowren.
If Puîyus loves you, friend that you are, he will give you flowren
An Puîyus loves you, friend that you are, he will give you flowren
Kikhesatserùngpu fhrèlo pútlhisa tú jiithuyèlqa stóràxhmikh tniefhtayòtya pú.
Pejor kikhesùngpu fhrèlo pútlhisa tú jiithuyèlqa stóràxhmikh tniefhtayòtya pú.
Since you call me crazy ayein, I shall humbly eat and drink your other eye.
Because you call me crazy ayein, I shall humbly eat and drink your other eye.
When you call me crazy ayein, I shall humbly eat and drink your other eye.
While you call me crazy ayein, I shall humbly eat and drink your other eye.
Provided that you call me crazy ayein, I shall humbly eat and drink your other eye.
If you call me crazy ayein, I shall humbly eat and drink your other eye.
An you call me crazy ayein, I shall humbly eat and drink your other eye.
In the above example I have translated the apodosis to imply future time, but you should keep in mind that Babel does not inflect for time at all save for in the time expressions that I introduced in an earlier epistle. The last example used some words which you know and others you do not, kìkhes is the participle for those who call, call by name, clepe, name someone or something and it is found in the formula of kìkhes X tlhir Y Z meaning Z names Y X, and fhrèlo means those who are crazy, insane, mad and thuyèlqa is those who eat or drink someone or something and stór you’ve met someone, something, anyone. Anything. each other. one another , those who are another, other, different, strange and tniêfhta is your eye.
Oh, I have an idea.
Xhmìqhito Xhiqhilayùtya
Stacks of Cases
Isn’t that a splendid usage of the partitive genitive form of the locative case?
You will no doubt have noticed that there are indeed many forms of the locative case.
Lots of forms lots of morphs lots of cases!
Yes, thank you Fhólus for that comment. For instance, -aswaor has as its basic meaning beneficiary, goal, to while –utakh means to, towards, heading to. They have slightly different meanings but there is a great deal of overlap. Fhólusàsawor is for or to Fhólus and Fhólùsutakh is untowards Fhólus. One can make a similar comparison between –aloi in, into, inside, during and –atser context, and ujhwa/ekhmo/epwo mean from, out of, about, concerning while +si/khmo mean from, out of, and –okhno mean o'er, away from, and also –aloi and –ujhar upon, on, on top of can also be likened together. For instance, what are the exact differences among the following?
Qielàswaor / qiêlutakh
To Þe hills / towards Þe hills
Qíyaloi / qíyatser / qíyèxhyeu
In Þe present / during Þe present / in Þe present
Lwánolèkhmo / lwánolòkhno
Out of Þe castlen / away from Þe castlen.
Qiêlaloi / qiêlujhar
In Þe hills / on Þe hills.
Although in informal conversation we may say Qir qiêl qir lwànol for on the hills and in the castles it has a rather jarring and unmusical sound unto it. In formal writing and poesy Babel dislikes having to identical forms of the locative case right next to each other. For instances if one wished to combine these two sentences:
Qíyaloi wtsàtim Puîye + qiêlaloi Puîye.
Puey is now green. + Puey is on Þe hills. >
One may say:
Qíyatser qiêlaloi wtsàtim Puîye.
Qir qí qielèxhyeu wtsàtim Puîye.
Pejor qí qiêl se wtsàtim Puîye.
Puey is now green on Þe hills.
Babel does like to employ chiasmus if it can.
Whatmus? Is that a type o’ pie?
Yes Princess you’ll have to define x-mus for us.
By that I mean if we have to forms of the locative case we like to have one form beginning with a prefix and the other ending in a suffix. It just has a marvelous sound unto it. So Now and On the hills could be
Qir qí qiêlaloi
Qir qí qielèxhyeu
Qir qí qiêlatser
Qir qí qiêl se
Pejor qí qiêlaloi
Pejor qí qielèxhyeu
Pejor qí qiêlatser
Pejor qí qiêl se
Qíyaloi qir qiêl
Qíyèxhyeu qir qiêl
Qíyatser qir qiêl
Qí se qir qiêl
Or some other combination. Those just come to me from the top of my mind.
Don’t seeing anything on top of o’ your mind?
Maybe Empress the tomorrow have something in her ears. Let’s do lick her ears.
Wait. No!
[scribbles]
Now we have a new rule here. Nobody is allowed to lick the future Empress’ ears. Do you two understand? And stop grabbing the pen from me. I’m the official immanuensis here.
Can we the scribbling with crayons?
Um. Éfha, I don’t think I can stop them.
I can’t believe they licked my ears. I feel funny.
Let’s just try not to think about it.
Ah … where was I. Sometimes it can be so difficult to remember where one left the grammatical discussion. The way that we use xhmìqhito xhiqhilayùtya, stacks of cases is so natural to our manner of speech that we barely even think of it as a part of grammar, it’s more of the rhythm of our sentences. Sometimes we also use the focus particles to add some rhythm unto the locative case. Sometimes I hear
Qir qíyàxhwa qiêlaloi xhmoe
Pejor qíyùjhwu qielèxhyeu xhmoe
Qíyatseràxhwa qir qielùjhwu
Qí se xhmoe qir qiêl xhmoe
Now and on the hills
But it doesn’t really change the meaning, it just changes the sound of it. Oh! And notice that in the translation unto the Language of Beasts I’ve added an and which is not in the original. The reason for this is that when Babel has locative phrases next to each other there can be an understood and. It’s call asyndeton. One can express and using our handy conjunctions which I’ve mentioned before, though, and if one wishes to express or one must place fheil between the two, qir qí fheil qiêlaloi now or on the hills and if one wishes to express and/or one must use the ingeminate case qir qíyòntet qiêl qiêl pfhu now or on the hills or possibly both and if one wishes to expres and among others one says qir qí’ aqhus qiêl pfhu now and on the hill among others.
But who the wanting for to say that?
Yeah, super philologist ballerina Princess your grammar sure filled with lots of nonsense sentences that nobody in his or her or their right mind would e'er say. I humbly am hyper on something and I do this and or that. Who the talking like that? Sound like weirdoes to me.
While we’re on the subject of xhmìqhito xhiqhilayùtya I want to mention that sometimes when we have parallel substantive clauses marked with -ontet, xhnoipe, xhnoe, aqhus, and –aiqhor even though the second locative affix can be dropped sometimes it is kept, because then we have a rhythm of a different sound.
Xhthènteqhe qielutakhòntet lwánòlutakh Puîye.
Puey goeth to Þe hills ond to Þe castlen.
Xhthènteqhe qielutakhòntet lwánol Puîye.
Puey goeth to the hills and castles.
Both of these sentences are correct, but they just have a different dance unto them.
I we liking the dance.
Empress there sure do be a lot of usually and sometimes and I observe in your grammar. Lots of fuzziness here and there. What you trying to do?
Yeah, why can’t you be like the rest of the teachers and write, This is always right, that is always wrong, and you get beaten for not following my arbitrary and illogical rules.
That’s just not the way that Language works.
Are we allowed to make up a sample sentence for you book?
Only if you’re good.
Okay we want to use stack of cases. But you can show us how to put it all together.
Avoiding case stacking is not vigorously enforced and is often impossible to avoid. It’s not so much a rule as it is an observation. So what sentence do you want to try?
It some Gibberish. How you say In a warren?
Qir pókhing
In a burrow
How you say In the ground?
Qir qlúnga
In Þe ground
How come that last one not end in –ing
I just find it more natural to say qir qlúnga. What’s the rest of the sentence.
There lived a Kútukh.
Qir pókh qlúnga se santhumàtufhang ker Kútukh.
In a warren and in Þe ground there lived a Kútukh.
You changed pókh to pókhing! Unfair.
I think that if we are going to avoid the singular affix on qlúnga we should do the same with pókh. Do you want me to write Qir pókhing tsenaqlúnga se? In a burrow and in the ground?
No, we like the sentence as it is. The cases all stacked together.
Fhólus, Aîya?
Yes?
What’s a Kútukh?
Something we read about once. Think it’s pronounced Kún’uk, but not entirely sure.
I find it a find sentence. Pókh means burrow, hole, warren whle qlúnga means ground and sànthu, sànthumat means those who reside in, dwell in, live in someplace and Kútukh is a mystery word of dreams.
What’s that at the door.
It’s nothing Princess. Sit closer to me by the fire. We’ll ignore the storm.
Perhaps other slaves out there in the cold they get tossed out too just for telling little jokes.
Fhermáta, is Puey out there?
No. Don’t go near the door. We’ll just write together and ignore the storm. What do you wish to discuss next, my Princess?
While we’re on the topic of the locative case I do wish to mention that although we do have a great number of adpositions, it seems that our adpositions have a more solidic meaning than those in the language of beasts. For instance, I am not at sure how to translate the mew of a’m’ into Babel.
I we have heard a’m’ in Gibberish too.
Sometimes, I believe, the adpositions of Babel are best not translated too literally, and one may just gloss them with the word of. This is especially true for the forms of the locative case that mean in, at, on and from, out of.
X qir/·aloi, exhyeu, se Y = X of Y
Xú qir Jaràqtu
Xú Jaraqtùyaloi
Xú Jaraqtuyèxhyeu
Xú Jaràqtu se
One of Jaràqtu; one who dwells in Jaràqtu, one in Jaràqtu
X xhrir/·ujhwa/ekhmo/epwo/si, khmo Y = X of Y
Xú xhrir Jaràqtu
Xú Jaraqtuyèpwo
Xú Jaràqtu si
Xú Jaràqtu khmo
One of Jaràqtu, one from Jaràqtu, one originating from Jaràqtu
Moreover sometimes the place of the locative phrases in a clause can lead to some ambiguity.
Qir tàpa qaqhaltaqéqha Puîyus.
Qaqhaltaqéqha qir tàpa Puîyus.
Qaqhaltaqéqha Puîyus qir tàpa.
All three of those sentences mean Puîyus jumped on the table.
However, if one were the diagram them one would come up with:
Qir tàpa qaqhaltaqéqha Puîyus.
(On the table) (jumped) (Puîyus)
Qaqhaltaqéqha qir tàpa Puîyus.
(Jumped) (on the table) (Puîyus)
Qaqhaltaqéqha Puîyus qir tàpa.
(Jumped) (Puîyus) (on the table)
Either Puîyus jumped up from something and onto the table, which could be the first sentence, or Puîyus was already on the table and was hopping around, which could be the last sentence.
A more specific form of the locative case ora relative clause could clarify the meaning. The following stèti sentences would be a little less ambiguous.
Tapayaîtlho qaqhaltaqéqha Puîyus.
Puîyus jumped up onto Þe table.
Qaqhaltaqéqha Puîyus ker tapàyaloi.
Puîyus on Þe table was jumping about.
And the examples above us tàpa tables formed of circles and triangles and qaqhaltaqéqha those who jump.
Fhermáta, I think something is outside. We should take a look.
Stay here, Princess.
[the quality of the paper changes. The papyrus starts to become luminous, and the ink the maidens are using becomes ætherous dust. Even the crayons the Traîkhiim use leave a glowing mark on the page.]
Princess, we shouldn’t leave the room. There are visitors on the ship.
My Mother?
I don’t know. They’re falling from the heavens.
Mamà’s family then. I don’t want to see them. If they come to door, I’m hiding.
I we helping you to hide also.
Can we lick your ears again? They tasty.
Princess, if your Mother or the holy Áme wish to see you, there is nothing that we’ll be able to do to stop them. On please don’t be sad. I’m sure Puey will find a way to stop them, if he thinks they’re going to do you any harm.
They’re not mortal, Fhérma.
Here, just lean your head on me. I’ll write down anything you wish to say. Do you wish to keep writing, or do you wish to practice ballet?
Let’s keep writing. If I get snatched away again, I at least wish to leave Puey plenty of lessons. Who knows what will come to pass. Mamà wanted to keep me away from Puey for thousands of years. I’ll wilt if I am kept away from my Sun so long.
Are we still writing about the Locative Case?
And pie? Write about pie.
If you slaves behave I’ll make you a nice chocolate pie. Stop licking the Princess!
But she tasty!
I think while we’re discussing the level one suffixes, we should return unto the Construct Case for a time.
Now, it’s a curious fact that the construct case consists of many differing suffixes: For participles -ejikh/olkha/axhmikh/ulkha and +xhroe/xhroa. For personal pronouns we have the suffixes -ejikh/olkha/axhmikh/ulkha/xhrejor. For relative pronouns we just have one suffix –pejos and it also does the duty of the partitive genitive.
You saying curious but you the one who invented language. How curious can it be?
Yeah, you cheating.
What’s very curious, I believe, is that particples tend to favor the suffixes ejikh/olkha/axhmikh/ulkha while personal pronouns favor the suffix –xhrejor. I do not know why it is. I can barely even hazard a guess. Perhaps since –xhrejor is an ending that only occurs on personal pronouns, it just likes to show off. I don’t really know. Perhaps the suffixes of the –ejikh series are just considered a bit more mellifluous when other affixes are added unto them. One can only speculate. Nonetheless, the fact of the matter is, as you have no doubt noticed from the many examples above, that most often the construct form of Puîye is Puiyèyejikh and less often Puîye xhroe even though they both mean the same thing.
However, the particles xhroe and xhroa do have a couple of properties which the suffixes of the –ejikh lack. Let us examine them now.
Xhroe ond Xhroa
+ Xhroe, construct case
+ Xhroa, construct case (used after xhroe)
The particle xhroe does all that the suffixes of the –ejikh series do:
Qir lwánol qúra xhroe’ í’ úje xhnir Puîyus.
Puiyus wants to go into Þe castle of Þe regent kings.
Jaiqhatqoayétyai syònta xhroe qlaêkh pfhu sùpyaong xhroe tú! Ainoirxhafhayétyai’ ipurùlkha Khlijhàyatser tú!
Be honored to fight linguistic xenocide unto its death! Be blessed, and create the language of one’s heart!
This sample sentence employs the words qhàtqoa those who fight someone or something to the death, and sùpyaong linguistiξ, comparative philology and syònta qlaêkh extinction of a species, genocide, xenocide and xhàfha creation or those who create someone or something and ìpur language, Babel, dialect, things written down in a dialect. And Khlìjha itself, of course, you know.
Who she speaking unto?
Hush you two. The Princess is trying to think.
The Princess come from a real scary family. If they enter, what we do?
Just don’t talk. We need to think about something else. Éfha, I’ll write down anything you say.
Ah … xhroe already does what –ejikh and it’s like do. However, if you consider the following you will see that xhroe also has another talent.
Khnujóloi
Jewels
Khnujóloi xhnèno xhroe
Þe jewels of Þe friends
Khnujóloi xhnèno xhroe khyèqhiir xhroa
Þe jewels of Þe friends of Þe dragons
Khnujóloi xhnèno xhroe khyèqhiir xhroa qúra xhroa.
Þe jewels of Þe friends of Þe dragons of Þe viceroy kings.
Xhroe becomes xhroa if another xhroe has been used in the same substantive phrase. Xhroe is the first or only form of xhroe the construct phrase, and all of the following ones, in the same subsantive phrase become xhroa.
Therefore one saith:
Eîxir khnujóloi xhroe xhnèno xhroa qúra xhroa poa khrèjharing.
Þe killer carries Þe jewels of Þis viceroy viceroy kings’ friends.
Eîxir khnujóloi xhroe xhnèno qráyiîngta xhroa pi khrèjharing qúra xhroe xul.
Þe killer of many viceroy kings carries Þe jewels of Þis mother’s friend.
The subject of the second xhméja sentence is khrèjharing qúra xhroe xul a killer of many regent kings and not Khrèjharing qúra xhroa xul because the subject belongs to a different substantive phrase to the predicate. If any other forms of the construct case of the xhroe variety were added to the subject, than xhroa would be employed.
Eîxir khnujóloi xhroe xhnèno qráyiîngta xhroa pi khrèjharing xhnèno xhroe qúra xhroa xul.
Þe killer of Þe friends of many viceroy kings carries Þe jewels of Þis mother’s friends.
Of course one is not just limited to xhroe/xhroa when speaking. One can mix up the different forms of the construct case just so long as they agree in gender with the participle or personal pronoun. xhroe/xhroa is just very versatile in that it has no gender unto it, and because it does change form later on. So in everyday conversation one can easily hear:
Wtsát khnujóloi xhnenòyejikhh khyèqhiir xhroe qúra xhroa.
Þe jewels of Þe friends of Þe dragons of Þe viceroy viceroy kings are green.
Eîxir khnujóloiyàxhmikh qráyiingtàyejikh pi khrèjharing xhnèno xhroe qúra xhroa xul.
Þe killer of Þe friends of many viceroy kings carries Þe jewels of Þis mother’s friends.
The particles xhroe/xhroa can be very phonæsthetic though, if one already knows that one will be saying X of Y of Z of A, one can just toss these particles down and say:
Wtsát úqei tyaqája xhroe stélar xhroa xing tsenaqúra xhroa qiêl xhroa xing.
The books of the slaves of the princess of the regent king of the hill are green.
The suffixes -ejikh/olkha/axhmikh/ulkha are affixed right unto the root and often change the musical pitch accent it. One says Puiyeyèyikh and óqlayòkha and qielàxhmikh and qielùlkha. However xhroe/xhroa are written with a space between the participle and the root and do not shift the pitch accent. They can also do something which the suffixes of the –ejikh series cannot: They can be interrupted in very specific circumstances.
Interupting Þe xhroe/xhroa phrase:
X [per/ter/ker …. ] xhroe/xhroa
X [ ·qi] xhroe/xhroa
X [title] xhroe/xhroa
Personal pronouns lack the absolutive case, and we should perhaps be thankful of that. However, in its place personal pronouns do have a wide range of options on showing possession of a participle. We have met before a great prefixes which show possession.
Teîqhaqiel
Their hills
Jhànwaqiel
The hills of those ones
Tlhìwaqiel
Koel qiêl
Their inseperable hills
Jìngaqiel
Kekoil qiêl
Those ones’ inseperable hills
Plus one can simply put the personal pronoun in the construct case for to modify a participle.
Qiêl kúxhrejor
Qiêl teqhot.
Their hills. The hills of them.
Qiêl kekuxrejor
Qiêl khnaqhikh
Their hills. The hills of those ones.
Qiêl ajhoqhot.
The hills of those two.
However, if one wishes to use the xhroe/xhroa form of the construct case along with a personal pronoun in the construct case, than the personal pronoun takes the suffix –qi and not –xhrejor and may come before xhroe/xhroa.
Qiêl kúqi xhroe
Qiêl teqhaqi xhroe
Of their hills
Qiêl kekuqi xhroe
Qiêl khnalikheqi xhroe
Of their hills. Of the hills of those ones.
Qiel ajhoqhiqi xhroe
Of the hills of those two.
Only three elements may interrupt the xhroe/xhroa phrase. The first one is using the personal pronoun –qi to shew possession.
Jaê’ ijótlha kúqi xhroe Puîyus.
Puîyus sees thair whispering mountains.
Puîyus sees Þe whhhispering mountains they have.
Xhlár fhaîrotu’ óqi poa xhroe Puîyus.
Puîyus ate my book.
Puîyus ate Þe book I have.
Why did I also translate those personal pronouns both as possessive and as have?
Yeah, why you do that future Empress?
It’s rhetorical question. Let the Empress speak. And stop eating those crayons.
Personal Pronouns express the Have construction by inflecting them unto the locative form –qi and placing them at the end of their clause. Therefore one says:
Ijótlha kúqi.
They have whispering mountains
Fhaîrotu óqi poa.
I have a book.
These very same forms, ending in –qi are the ones that interrupt the xhroe/xhroa phrases and they can be translated as either possessive or as the phrase that X hath.
Khrìxhmer khnujóloi póqi xhroe pósa.
I bring my jewels to friends ør family.
I bring Þe jewels I have to friends ør family.
Khrixhmerénxha khnujóloi póqi xhroe pósa.
I bring my jewels to strangren.
I bring Þe jewels I have to strangren.
The second element which may interrupt the xhroe/xhroa phrase is to use a relative clause beginning with per/ter/ker. Later on I shall explain to you that per and ter and ker are forms of the relative pronoun which create adjectival phrases, they do not create entire subordinate clauses like kus does, but rather one can think of them as little holding hands. They mean to wit or in other words in a way.
Jaê’ ijótlha ker áxha xhroe Puîyus.
Puîyus sees red whispering mountains.
Xhlár fhaîrotu ker wtsàtim xhroe Puîyus.
Puîyus eats Þe green book.
Xhlár fhaîrotu ker wtsàtim óqi poa xhroe Puîyus.
Puiyus eats my green book.
The last element which may break apart the xhroe/xhroa phrase is precisely the same element which may break up a suffix of the –ejikh series. The construct case is marked at the end of a compound name or a name with a title. This can be a little tricky if thinks about it too hard, for there are certainly title-like elements which are not themselves titles. Anyway, let’s just create some examples.
Jaê Kàrijoîyejikh pú.
I see Kàrijoi.
Jaê Qírenat Kàrijoîyejikh pú.
I see Emperor Kàrijoi.
Jaê Qírenat Kàrijoi Pámaqìmejikh pú.
I see Emperor Kàrijoi Þe Great.
Jaê Stélaring Éfhelìnye xhroe pú.
I see Princess Éfhelìnye.
Jaê Stélaring Éfhelìnye xhroe pámaqim kae pú.
I see Þe great Princess Éfhelìnye.
We can see a little bit of the fuzziness here. Obviously Qírenat Emperor and Stélaring Princess are titles. Kàrijoi pámaqim is certainly considered a single unit, and so grammatically speaking it is treated as a title. However I have no such title of pámaqim and so I have to make use of the ingeminate case just like everyone else.
Can we get titles too?
The Princess will soon get the title of Qwasiêla The Moon Empress. Then we will say:
Jhkhàthwot Qwasiêla’ Éfhelinyèyikh sáma kae pú.
I hug the Moon Empress Éfhelìnye, my Sister.
That a very nice thing to say Fhermáta.
Thank you, Fhólus.
May I we the making of sample sentence? Show title et cet?
If the future Empress does not mind.
Lyeîqha lyaîrkhoi xhroe Qwasiêla’ Éfhelìnye xhroa síma kae pú.
I like the earlobes of the Moon Empress Éfhelìnye, your sister.
Okay, you’re a very weird little alien. Both of you. Princess, I think your little grammatical excursions go completely arry, asunder when these two are about.
At least though, Fhermáta, we are exposed to many interesting words. Lyeîqha is those who lick someone or something while lyaîrkhoi are his or her or their earlobes and sán, sáma is my or our sister and sín, síma is your sister, and although the example did not include it one may as well as the third person, soên, soîma his or her or their sister.
I just wish to add that one may still use the ingeminate case and still preserve the change of xhroe unto xhroa.
Jaê qiêl xhroe lwánol xhroa pú.
I see hills of Þe castlen.
Jaê qiêl xhroe wtsàtim pfhu lwánol xhroa pú.
I see a green hill of Þe castlen.
Jaê qiêl xhroe wtsàtim xhmárot pfhu lwánol xhroa lyár xhroa pú.
I seea green, mighty hill of castlen of hope.
Jaê qiêl xhroe wtsàtim xhmárot jijíxhe jijíxhe pfhu lwánol jhkhér xhroa lyár xhroa pú.
I see agreen, mighty, giggling hill of protecting castlen of hope
And this leads quite easily unto a discussion on the syntax of the Possession Construction
Are you sure there’s not someone at the door?
I just checked, Princess. It’s becoming very strange out there. I’m sure Puey will come to us if there is any problem.
I know he will, if I need him. He always does. Let’s start a new section and draw a nice large box:
Syntax of Þe Poßeßion Construccioun
Paje/xhnalwa/teiqha·X Y
Paje/xhnalwa/teiqha·X Y -ejikh/olkha/ulkha/axhmikh/xhroe/xhroa
Y’s X
I’m getting the feeling that in fully exploring the possessive construction I’m going to confuse everyone here. The situation is quite simple and if one can just remembered that X takes a prefix and Y is like unto the construct case even when it is not marked that way, then one will do fine. The problem is that simply possession itself is such an idiomatic concept that it is fraught with all sorts of logical perils. But, we should just hold our heads up high and flutter our wings and take on the possession construction. Were I born of the warrior caste I’d say I intended to conquer it, raze it’s villages, slaughter its men and take its maidens to be concubines. But, being of the royal caste I shall be content just to dance for them.
We I like dancing too!
The construct case functions for both possession and for the objective genitive in omnivolitional clauses, while the possessive construction is almost always a true possessor. Yes, I’m writing almost. Everything in grammar is an almost. Sometimes. Usually.
Uxhra’ Éfhelinyèjikh kú.
They praise Éfhelìnye.
Khnujóloi’ Éfhelinyèyejikh tei.
Teiqhakhnujóloi’ Éfhelìnye’ tei.
Teiqhakhnujóloi’ Éfhelinyèyejikh tei.
Those are Þe jewels of Éfhelìnye.
Those are Éfhelìnye’s jewels.
We are all familiar with sentences such as the above, and when translating into Qtheûnte the Language of Beasts we have to choose whether to translate such sentences as X of Y or Y’s X.
Let’s review the possessive construction before we all get very confused. The paje/xhnalwa/teiqha- prefix of the possession construction can be substituted for participles which already have builded into them third person forms, such as kinship terms and body parts, or participles beginning with koe, koel, teiwa-tlhiwa- and koaqing/koaqe.
Tneûfhta’ Éfhelìnye’ tei.
‘Tis Éfhelìnye’s eyen.
Qráyiîngta’ Éfhelìnye’ tei.
‘Tis Éfhelìnye’s mother.
Jaê koe jhujhútha xhroe’ Éfhelìnye púsa.
I myself see a drop of Éfhelìnye’s blood.
Jaê teiwakhyèxhro xhroe Éfhelìnye púsa.
I myself see Éfhelìnye’s ancestor.
Xhthènteqhe koaqing lwánol Qírenat Puîyus.
Puîyus goeth into Þe Emperor’s castle.
Xhthènteqhe koaqe lwánol qúra Puîyus.
Puîyus goeth into Þe viceroy kings’ castlen.
[Scribbled on the page]
Xhthènteqhe koaqing jaîretu Fhólus pú.
I go untowards Fhólus’ pie.
Xhthènteqhe koaqe jètra Fhólusòntet Aîya pú.
I go untowards Fhólus and Aîya’s pies.
Yes, quite. The above examples used jhùtha, jhujhútha* blood, drops of blood as well as khyèxhro* ancestors.
The level four prefixes, tlhiêxhrat pronominal supplementation, hath an alternative possession construction which can however give rise to ambiguities. Here are some examples.
Tèkhmír tlhitlheupíya tlhìlrun tlhijiîxhe tú.
You are meek and love Þe nostalgick laughing maidens.
You are meek and love Þe laughing ones’ nostalgick one’s maidens.
Áxha tlhitwíla tlhityaqája.
Þe shy slaves’ birds are red.
Fhuiyeîtlhir tlhikhnujóloi tlhiqírenat kú.
They humbly carried Þe Emperor’s jewels.
Tlhitneûfhta qhiyÉfhelìnye tei.
‘Tis Éfhelìnye’s shy eyen.
Qhiqráyiîngta qhiyÉfhelìnye tei.
‘Tis Éfhelìnye’s shy mother.
Jiîjae khnu koe jhujhútha khnuyÉfhelìnye púsa.
I myself am humbled to see see a drop of Éfhelìnye’s blood.
Jiîjae khnu khyèxhro khnuyÉfhelìnye púsa.
I myself am humbled to see Éfhelìnye’s ancestor.
Xhthènteqhe khnu qir lwánol khnu Qírenat Puîyus.
Puîyus shyly goeth into Þe Emperor’s castle.
Xhthènteqhe qhao qir lwánol qhao qúra Puîyus.
Puîyus shyly goeth into Þe viceroy kings’ castlen.
One may compare the transformation between the normal construct case and the possession construction.
Úqei Puiyùsejikh
Teiqhayúqei Puîyus
Teiqhayúqei Puiyùsejikh
Þe books of Puîyus.
Puîyus’ books
Úqei’ áxha Puiyùsejikh
Teiqhayúqei’ áxha Puîyus
Teiqhayúqei’ áxha Puiyùsejikh
Þe red books of Puîyus
Puîyus’ red books
Úqei’ xhroe áxha pfhu Puîyus xhroe wtsùyot kae
Teiqhayúqei xhroe’ áxha Puîyus wtsùyot kae
Teiqhayúqei xhroe’ áxha Puîyus xhroe wtsùyot kae
Of Þe red books of great Puîyus
Of great Puîyus’ red books
Úqei’ áxhàyaloi Puiyùsejikh wtsàtim kae
Teiqhayúqeiyaloi’ áxha Puîyus wtsàtim kae
Teiqhayúqeiyaloi’ áxha Puiyùsejikh wtsàtim kae
In Þe red beek of green Puîyus
In green Puîyus’ red beek
Úqeiyàxhmikh áxha fhròkaot lrúnt pfhu tyaqájàyejikh jijíxhe wtsàtim kae Puiyùsejikh újar kakaûpa kae
Of Þe red, wise, nostalgick books of Þe laughing, green slave of thinking, singing Puîyus
Teiqhayúqeiyàxhmikh áxha fhròkaot lrún pajetyaqája jijíxhe wtsàtim Puiyùsejikh újar kakaûpa kae
Of thinking, singing Puîyus’ laughing, green slave’s red, wise, nostalgick books
Úqei’ áxha fhròkaot lrúnaloi tyaqájàyejikh jijíxhe wtsàtim kae Puiyùsejikh újar kakaûpa kae
In Þe red, wise, nostalgick books of Þe laughing, green salve of thinking, singing Puîyus
Úqeîyaloi’ áxha fhròkaot lrún pajetyaqáya jijíxhe wtsàtim Puiyùsejikh újar kakaûpa kae
In thinking, singing Puîyus’ laughing, green slave’s red, wise, nostalgick books
This is very important. Several elements of syntax will be noted here. Let’s write this in big bright glyphs.
In the Possession Construction and only in the Possession Construct is there a relaxation on the use of the Ingeminate Case and in level one suffixes coming after the last unmarked relative clause.
The possession construction is already highly idiomatic, plus it sounds a little less formal to me, at least with regards to the other constructions of Babel.
In the Possession Construction only the very last Possessive Element may take the Construct case, and that which modifies it must take the Ingeminate Case. All other postjectives are left in the Experiencer Case and not in the Ingeminate Case.
Note that this may appear irregular, since the Possession Construction is really a form of the Construct Case, but Babel treats this construction differently, an exeption, if you will.
Did you get that?
No, my Sister
Nope, Empress.
Not at all, yo!
Okay, let’s try some examples. Hence we say
What’s the hence mean?
Princess, my Sister, I’m already confused.
Let’s just copy down my examples.
Teiqhayijótlha Puîyus wtsàtim kae
Teiqhayijótlha Puiyùsejikh wtsàtim kae
Green Puîyus’ whispering mountains
Teiqhayijótlha xhmár Puîyus wtsàtim kae
Teiqhayijótlha xhmár Puiyùsejikh wtsàtim kae
Green Puîyus’ mighty whispering mountains
Teîqhaqiel teiqhayijótlha Puîyus wtsàtim kae
Teîqhaqiel teiqhayijótlha Puiyùsejikh wtsàtim kae
Green Puîyus’ whispering mountains’ hills.
Teîqhaqiel lrún teiqhayijótlha xhmár Puîyus wtsàtim kae
Teîqhaqiel lrún teiqhayijótlha xhmár Puiyùsejikh wtsàtim kae
Green Puîyus’ mighty whispering mountains’ nostalgick hills
Teîqhaqiel lrún ixháxha teiqhayijótlha xhmár khrèkhar Puîyus wtsàtim kae
Teîqhaqiel lrún ixháxha teiqhayijótlha xhmár khrèkhar Puiyùsejikh wtsàtim kae
Green Puîyus’ mighty, killing whispering mountains’ nostalgick, orange hills
Okay, that I understood, Sister. That’s the way we talk. But why the complicated rule above?
That complicated rule actually simplifies the syntax of the Possession Construction. Let’s take this step by step.
Teiqhayijótlha xhmár Puîyus wtsàtim kae
Teiqhayijótlha xhmár Puiyùsejikh wtsàtim kae
This is the correct way to say:
Green Puîyus’ mighty whispering mountains
This is incorrect:
Teiqhayijótlha xhmár pfhu Puiyùsejikh wtsàtim kae
Teîqhaqiel teiqhayijótlha Puîyus wtsàtim kae
Teîqhaqiel teiqhayijótlha Puiyùsejikh wtsàtim kae
This is correct
Green Puîyus’ whispering mountains’ hills.
This is incorrect.
Teîqhaqiel teiqhayijótlhayàxhmikh Puiyùsejikh wtsàtim kae
Teîqhaqiel lrún teiqhayijótlha xhmár Puîyus wtsàtim kae
Teîqhaqiel lrún teiqhayijótlha xhmár Puiyùsejikh wtsàtim kae
Good:
Green Puîyus’ mighty whispering mountains’ nostalgick hills
Bad:
Teîqhaqiel lrún pfhu teiqhayijótlhayàxhmikh xhmár pfhu Puiyùsejikh wtsàtim kae
Teîqhaqiel lrún ixháxha teiqhayijótlha xhmár khrèkhar Puîyus wtsàtim kae
Teîqhaqiel lrún ixháxha teiqhayijótlha xhmár khrèkhar Puiyùsejikh wtsàtim kae
Tasty:
Green Puîyus’ mighty, killing whispering mountains’ nostalgick, orange hills
Yukh!
Teiqhaqiel lrún ixháxha pfhu teiqhayijótlhayàxhmikh xhmár khrèkhar pfhu Puiyùsejikh wtsàtim kae
Do you see what’s going on?
Ah, I’m not sure, Sister. The first forms are definitely right, and the second forms are definitely wrong, but I’m still a little confused. It’s like the second forms have too many words unto them.
Yes, that’s part of it. You see, in the Possessive Construction only the first one in the Construction may be inflected for a Case. After that everything else is in the Experiencer Case until you come to the end. There may or may not be an overt Construct Case, and then there must be an Ingeminate Case if we just have a long stream of Particples.
Let’s write the rule down again and add unto it. By the way, it’s not so much a rule it’s an observation I’ve made about how we Real People Speak, and from it I’ve generated this rule.
In the Possession Construction and only in the Possession Construct is there a relaxation on the use of the Ingeminate Case and in level one suffixes coming after the last unmarked relative clause.
In the Possession Construction only the very last Possessive Element may take the Construct case, and that which modifies it must take the Ingeminate Case. All other postjectives are left in the Experiencer Case and not in the Ingeminate Case. Usually only the first Element in the Possession Construction may be inflected for Case. After the first element the Ingeminate Case is not used, even after the Construct case, for the Ingeminate Case is reserved for the end.
A natal Speaker of Babel, which would be all of us Real People save Puey and my cousin Ixhúja, if confronted with an element such as Teiqhayijótlha xhmár pfhu Puiyùsejikh wtsàtim kae or any of the other wrong examples I gave above, if he should be able to make sense of it would consider it a form of hypercorrection for Teiqhayijótlha xhmár Puiyùsejikh wtsàtim kae, that is, Green Puîyus’ mighty whispering mountains. It’s a little like when I hear people speaking in rapid conversation and forgetting whether the last reference were singular or plural and fudging it, or when the Traîkhiim or a child says He’s going to the wedding with me and Puey and me and forgetting forgetting that he has already mentioned one of thoese elements.
The Possession Construction in Babel is highly marked. It’s almost a form of fronting, and by that I mean our ability to move certain elements of a clause or sentence unto the front for emphasis. We do this all the time. I saw, Who saw it?, and I saw whom? And Whom did I see? We say, What chanted it? And, It chanted what? And, What did it say? I wended where? Where did I wend? I did it why? Why did I do it? I did it when? When did I do it? I did it how? How did I do it? We are thus able to manipulate the struction of a sentence in ways that I shall describe later. The Possession Construction is a phrase which is always weird, in a way its cases are always fronted, and is thus an example of a phrase marked as unusual in a way.
Cases is isually only inflected for the first element in the Possession Construction. Right after the first element the ingeminate case is not used, not even if the first element is in the construct case. The ingeminate case is reserved for the end of a long stream of participles. Examples should clarify this.
Did we e'er fathom a definition for clear?
Teiqhayúqeîyujhar Puiyùsejikh
On top of Puîyus’ books
Teiqhayúqeiyàxhmikh Puiyùsejikh
Of Puîyus’ books
Teiqhayúqeîyujhar áxha Puiyùsejikh
On top of Puîyus’ red books
Teiqhayúqeiyàxhmikh áxha Puiyùsejikh
Of Puîyus’ red books
Teiqhayijótlhàyujhar Puiyùsejikh wtsàtim kae
On top of green Puîyus’ hills
Teiqhayijótlhayàxhikh Puiyùsejikh wtsàtim kae
Of green Puîyus’ hills
Teiqhayijótlhàyujhar xhmár Puiyùsejikh wtsàtim kae
On top of green Puîyus’ mighty hills
Teiqhayijótlhayàxhmikh xhmár Puiyùsejikh wtsàtim kae
Of green Puîyus’ mighty hills
Teiqhaqiêlujhar teiqhayijótlha Puiyùsejikh wtsàtim kae
On top of green Puîyus’ whispering mountains’ hills
Teiqhaqielàxhmikh teiqhayijótlha Puiyùsejikh wtsàtim kae
Of green Puîyus’ whispering mountains’ hills
Teiqhaqiêlujhar lrún teiqhayijótlha xhmár Puiyùsejikh wtsàtim kae
On ptop of green Puîyus’ mighty whhhispering mountains’ nostalgick hills
Teiqhaqielàxhmikh lrún teiqhayijótlha xhmár Puiyùsejikh wtsàtim kae
Of green Puîyus’ mighty whispering mountains’ nostalgick hills
Teiqhaqiêlujhar lrún ixháxha teiqhayijótlha xhmár khrèkhar Puiyùsejikh wtsàtim kae
Onptop of green Puîyus’ mighty, killing whispering mountains’ nostalgick, orange hills
Teiqhaqielàxhmikh lrún ixháxha teiqhayijótlha xhmár khrèkhar Puiyùsejikh wtsàtim kae
Of green Puîyus’ mighty, killing whispering mountains’ nostalgick, orange hills
Please tell me this is making some sense.
I think I see, Princess. Only the first element gets inflected, and then we come to the end where the Construct and Ingeminate live.
Yes, yes, that’s right. See, it’s not so difficult. The ingeminate case is only used with the last element in the possession construction. Note, though, that when the penultimate element is not overtly marked for the construct case, it is assumed to be in the construct case because the ingeminate case following it modifies it. In such a situation where the last element is in the ingeminate case and no element is overtly marked for the construct case, it is always assumed that the last case before the ingeminate case is the hidden construct case. Got it?
Um … it’s a lot easier to use the construction than understand it, my Sister.
Then let’s use it.
Teiqhayijótlha xhmár Puîyus wtsàtim kae
Green Puîyus’ mighty hills
Teiqhayijótlha xhmár ixháxha Puîyus wtsàtim kae
Green Puîyus’ mighty, orange hills
Teiqhayijótlha xhmár ixháxha jijíxhe Puîyus wtsàtim kae
Green Puîyus’ mighty, orange, laughing hills
Teiqhayijótlha xhmár ixháxha jijíxhe khrèjhar Puîyus wtsàtim kae
Green Puîyus’ mighty, orange, laughing, killing hills
In other words, the examples above could not mean, say:
Teiqhayijótlha xhmár ixháxhàyejikh Puîyus wtsàtim kae
Þe orange one’s, who is Puîyus ond who is green, mighty hills
Teiqhayijótlha xhmárejikh ixháxha jijíxhe Puîyus wtsàtim kae
Þe mighty, orange, laughing, Puîyus, green’s hills
Teiqhayijótlha xhmár ixháxha jijíxhe khrejhàrejikh Puîyus wtsàtim kae
Þe killer’s, who is green Puîyus, mighty, orange hills
The examples must mean:
Teiqhayijótlha xhmár ixháxha Puiyùsejikh wtsàtim kae
Green Puîyus’ mighty, orange hills
Teiqhayijótlha xhmár ixháxha jijíxhe Puiyùsejikh wtsàtim kae
Green Puîyus’ mighty, orange, laughing hills
Teiqhayijótlha xhmár ixháxha jijíxhe khrèjhar Puiyùsejikh wtsàtim kae
Green Puîyus’ mighty, orange, laughing, killing hills
If one wishes to use multiple unmarked relative clauses after the first element in the Possession Construction, than one must use the Construct Case, and the unmarked relative clauses are all put in Experiencer Case and end with the Ingeminate Case.
Teiqhayijótlha xhmár fhròkaot Puiyùsejikh jijíxhe wtsàtim kae
Laughing green Puîyus’ mighty, old hill
Teiqhayijótlha xhmár fhròkaot Puiyùsejikh ixháxha jijíxhe wtsàtim kae
Orange, laughing, green Puîyus’ mighty old hill
Teiqhayijótlha xhmár fhròkaot Puiyùsejikhh khrèjkhar ixháxha jijíxhe wtsàtim kae
Killing, orange, laughing, green Puîyus’ mighty old hill
I shall create a schemata to reveal several of the different major patterns of the Possession Construction. I shall use paje- to mean all of the prefixes paje/xhnalwa/teiqha-, -utakh for all forms of the locative case, -ejikh for all forms of the construct case, and kae for all forms of the ingeminate case. The schemata are of course endless, for there are an infinite variety of ways wherein one can add unmarked relative clauses and extra possession within, but suffice it to say, here are just a few examples.
Paje·X Y
Paje·X Y·ejikh
Y’s X
Paje·X·utakh Y
Paje·X·utakh Y·ejikh
Towards Y’s X
Paje·X Y Z
Paje·X Y Z·ejikh
Z’s Y X.
Paje·X Y Z A
Paje X Y Z A·ejikh
A’s Y Z X
Paje·X Y·utakh Z
Paje·X Y·utakh Z·ejikh
Towards Z’s Y X
Paje·X Y Z·utakh A
Paje X Y Z·utakh A·ejikh
Towards A’s Z Y Z
Paje·X Y Z kae
Paje·X Y·ejikh Z kae
Z Y’s X
Paje·X·utakh Y Z kae
Paje·X·utakh Y·ejikh Z kae
Towards Z Y’s X
Paje·X Y Z A kae
Paje·X Y Z·ejikh A kae
A Z’s Y X
Paje·X Y Z A B kae
Paje X Y Z A·ejikh B kae
B A’s Z Y X
Paje·X Y·utakh Z A kae
Paje·X Y·utakh Z·ejikh A kae
Towards A Z’s Y X
Paje·X Y Z·utakh A B kae
Paje X Y Z·utakh A·ejikh B kae
Towards B A’s Z Y X
Paje·X Y Z A kae
A Z’s Y X
Paje·X Y·ejikh Z A kae
A Z Y’s X
Paje·X·utakh Y Z A kae
Paje·X·utakh Y·ejikh Z A kae
Towards A Z Y’s X
Paje·X Y Z A B kae
Paje·X Y Z·ejikh A B kae
B A’s Y Z X
Paje·X Y Z A B C kae
Paje X Y Z A·ejikh B C kae
B C A’s Y Z X
Paje·X Y·utakh Z A B kae
Paje·X Y·utakh Z·ejikh A B kae
Towards B A Z’s Y X
Paje·X Y Z·utakh A B C kae
Paje X Y Z·utakh A·ejikh B C kae
Towards B C A’s Y Z X
Paje·X paje·Y Z
Paje·X paje·Y Z·ejikh
Z’s Y’s X
Paje·X·utakh paje·Y Z
Paje·X·utakh paje·Y·ejikh Z
Towards Z’s Y’s Z
Paje·X paje·Y Z A
Paje·X paje·Y Z A·ejikh
A’s Z Y’s X
Paje·X paje·Y Z A B
Paje X paje·Y Z A B·ejikh
B’s Z A Y’s X
Paje·X Y·utakh paje·Z A
Paje·X Y·utakh paje·Z·A·ejikh
Towards A’s Z’s Y X
Paje·X Y Z·utakh paje·A B
Paje X Y Z·utakh paje·A B·ejikh
Towards B A’s X Y Z
Paje·X paje·Y Z A kae
Paje·X paje·Y Z·ejikh A kae
A Z’s Y’s X
Paje·X·utakh paje·Y Z A kae
Paje·X·utakh paje·Y·Z·ejikh A kae
Towards A Z’s Y X
Paje·X Y paje·Z A B kae
Paje·X Y paje·Z A·ejikh B kae
B A’s Z’s Y X
Paje·X Y Z paje·A B C kae
Paje X Y Z paje·A B·ejikh C kae
B C’s A’s Y Z X
Paje·X Y·utakh paje·Z A B kae
Paje·X Y·utakh paje·Z A·ejikh B kae
Towards B A’s Z’s Y X
Paje·X Y Z·utakh paje·A B C kae
Paje X Y Z·utakh paje·A B·ejikh C kae
Towards B C’s A’s Y Z X
Paje·X Y paje·Z A B kae
Paje·X Y paje·Z A·ejikh B kae
B A’s Z’s Y X
Paje·X·utakh paje·Y Z A B kae
Towards B A’s Z Y’s X
Paje·X·utakh paje·Y Z·ejikh A B kae
Towards B A Z’s Y’s X
Paje·X Y paje·Z A B C kae
C B’s A Z’s Y X
Paje·X Y paje·Z A·ejikh B C kae
B C’s A Z’s Y X
Paje·X Y Z paje·A B C D kae
D C’s B A’s Y Z X
Paje X Y Z paje·A B·ejikh C D kae
C D’s B A’s Y Z X
Paje·X Y·utakh paje·Z A B C kae
Paje·X Y·utakh paje·Z A·ejikh A B kae
Towards B C’s A Z’s Y X
Paje·X Y Z·utakh paje·A B C D kae
Paje X Y Z·utakh paje·A B·ejikh C D kae
Towards C D’s B A’s Y Z X
Paje·X paje·Y paje·Z A
Paje·X paje·Y paje·Z A·ejikh
A’s Z’s Y’s X’s
Paje·X Y paje·Z A paje·B C
Paje·X Y paje·X A paje·B C·ejikh
C B’s A Z’s Y X
And of course one could continue for ever, but the above is the schema I envision.
We thought you were about to go on for ever. Perhaps you should rest now, that was a lot of ciphering to do. My Sister, do I get some type of reward for painting all this out? I feel like a xhraulairíta scholar of Khrumaîna
You should see the big chart on of in locative case she made me paint out.
Do any of you Triîm understand this? I think my Sister is creating some weird form of mathmatics here. All math is odd, in a way, I think.
Once again, Fhermáta and Fhólus and Aîya, as soon as we actually put words into the formula the rules all make sense. It is, after all, just the way we talk, and I’m trying to figure out how and why so I can teach Puey.
Teiqhasqánament Puîyus
Teiqhasqánament Puiyùsejikh
Puîyus’ rock.
Teiqhasqánamènutakh Puîyus.
Teiqhasqánamènutakh Puiyùsejikh.
Towards Puîyus’ rock.
Teiqhasqánamen wtsàtim Puîyus.
Teiqhasqánamen wtsàtim Puiyùsejikh.
Puîyus’ green rock.
Teiqhasqánamen wtsàtim wtsùyot Puîyus.
Teiqhasqánamen wtsàtim wtsùyot Puiyùsejikh
Puîyus’ green great rock.
Teiqhasqánamen wtsatìmutakh Puîyus.
Teiqhasqánamen wtsatìmutakh Puiyùsejikh
Towards Puîyus’ green rock.
Teiqhasqánamen wtsàtim wtsuyòtutakh Puîyus.
Teiqhasqánamen wtsàtim wtsuyòtutakh Puiyùsejikh
Towards Puîyus’ green, great rock.
Teiqhasqánament Puîyus jijíxhe kae
Teiqhasqánament Puiyùsejikh jijíxhe kae
Laughing Puey’s rock
Teiqhasqánamènutakh Puîyus jijíxhe kae
Teiqhasqánamènutakh Puiyùsejikh jijíxhe kae
Towards laughing Puey’s rock
Teiqhasqánamen wtsàtim Puîyus jijíxhe kae
Teiqhasqánamen wtsàtim Puiyùsejikh jijíxhe kae
Laughing Puîyus’ green stone
Teiqhasqánamen wtsàtim wtsùyot Puîyus jijíxhe kae
Teiqhasqánamen wtsàtim wtsùyot Puiyùsejikh jijíxhe kae
Laughing Puîyus’ green, mighty stone
Teiqhasqánamen wtsatìmutakh Puîyus jijíxhe kae
Teiqhasqánamen wtsatìmutakh Puiyùsejikh jijíxhe kae
Towards laughing Puîyus’ green stone
Teiqhasqánamen wtsàtim wtsuyòtutakh Puîyus jijíxhe kae
Teiqhasqánamen wtsàtim wtsuyòtutakh Puiyùsejikh jijíxhe kae
Towards laughing Puîyus’ green, great stone
Teiqhasqánamen wtsàtim Puîyus jijíxhe kae
Laughing Puîyus’ green rock.
Teiqhasqánamen Puiyùsejikh wtsàtim jijíxhe kae
Green laughing Puîyus’ rock
Teiqhasqánamènutakh Puîyus wtsàtim jijíxhe kae
Teiqhasqánamènutakh Puiyùsejikh wtsàtim jijíxhe kae.
Towards laughing green Puîyus’ rock
Teiqhasqánamen wtsàtim wtsùyot Puîyus jijíxhe kae
Laughing Puîyus’ green great stone
Teiqhasqánamen wtsàtim wtsùyot Puiyùsejikh kakaûpa jijíxhe kae
Singing, laughing Puîyus’ green, great stone
Teiqhasqánamen wtsàtim wtsùyot kakaûpa Puîyus jijíxhe kae
Laughing Puîyus’ green, great, laughing stone
Teiqhasqánamen wtsàtim wtsùyot Puiyùsejikh kakaûpa jijíxhe kae
Singing, laughing Puîyus’ green, great stone
Teiqhasqánamen wtsatìmutakh Puîyus kakaûpa jijíxhe kae
Teiqhasqánamen wtsatìmutakh Puiyùsejikh kakaûpa jijíxhe kae
Towards singing, laughing Puîyus’ green stone
Teiqhasqánamen wtsàtim wtsuyòtutakh Puîyus kakaûpa jijíxhe kae
Teiqhasqánamen wtsàtim wtsuyòtutakh Puiyùsejikh kakaûpa jijíxhe kae
Towards singing, laughing Puîyus’ green, great stone
Teiqhatsitlhisènxha teiqhasqánamen Puîyus
Teiqhatsitlhisènxha teiqhasqánamen Puiyùsejikh
Puîyus’ stone’s jewel
Teiqhatsitlhisenxhàyutakh teiqhasqánamen Puîyus
Teiqhatsitlhisenxhàyutakh teiqhasqánamen Puiyùsejikh
Towards Puîyus’ stone’s jewel
Teiqhatsitlhisènxha teiqhasqánamen wtsàtim Puîyus.
Teiqhatsitlhisènxha teiqhasqánamen wtsàtim Puiyùsejikh
Puîyus’ green rock’s jewel
Teiqhatsitlhisènxha teiqhasqánamen wtsàtim wtsùyot Puîyus
Teiqhatsitlhisènxha teiqhasqánamen wtsàtim wtsùyot Puiyùsejikh
Puîyus’ green, great rock’s jewel
Teiqhatsitlhisènxha’ áxhàyutakh teiqhasqánament Puîyus
Teiqhatsitlhisènxha’ áxhàyutakh teiqhasqánament Puiyùsejikh
Towards Puîyus’ rock’s red jewel
Teiqhatsitlhisènxha’ áxha wtsatìmutakh teiqhasqánament Puîyus
Teiqhatsitlhisènxha’ áxha wtsatìmutakh teiqhasqánament Puiyùsejikh
Towards Puîyus’ scurrying rocks’ red, green jewel
Teiqhatsitlhisènxha teiqhasqánament Puîyus wtsàtim kae
Teiqhatsitlhisènxha teiqhasqánament Puiyùsejikh wtsàtim kae
Green Puîyus’ rock’s jewels
Teiqhatsitlhisenxhàyutakh teiqhasqánament Puîyus wtsàtim kae
Teiqhatsitlhisenxhàyutakh teiqhasqánament Puiyùsejikh wtsàtim kae
Towards Green Puîyus’ rock’s jewels
Teiqhatsitlhisènxha’ áxha teiqhasqánament Puîyus wtsàtim kae
Teiqhatsitlhisènxha’ áxha teiqhasqánament Puiyùsejikh wtsàtim kae
Green Puîyus’ rock’s red jewels
Teiqhatsitlhisènxha’ áxha wtsùyott teiqhasqánament Puîyus wtsàtim kae
Teiqhatsitlhisènxha’ áxha wtsùyott teiqhasqánament Puiyùsejikh wtsàtim kae
Green Puîyus’ rock’s red, great jewels
Teiqhatsitlhisènxha’ áxhàyutakh teiqhasqánament Puîyus wtsàtim kae
Teiqhatsitlhisènxha’ áxhàyutakh teiqhasqánament Puiyùsejikh wtsàtim kae
Towards green Puîyus’ rock’s red jewels
Teiqhatsitlhisènxha’ áxha wtsuyòtutakh teiqhasqánament Puîyus wtsàtim kae
Teiqhatsitlhisènxha’ áxha wtsuyòtutakh teiqhasqánament Puiyùsejikh wtsàtim kae
Towards green Puîyus’ rock’s red, great jewels
Teiqhatsatlhisènxha’ áxha teiqhasqánament Puîyus wtsàtim kae
Teiqhatsatlhisènxha’ áxha teiqhasqánament Puiyùsejikh wtsàtim kae
Green Puîyus’ scurrying rocks’ jewel
Teiqhatsatlhisenxhàtutakh teiqhasqánamen wtsùyot Puîyus wtsàtim kae.
Towards green Puîyus’ great rock’s jewel
Teiqhatsatlhisenxhàtutakh teiqhasqánamen Puiyùsejikh wtsùyot wtsàtim kae
Towards great, green Puîyus’ jewel
Teiqhatsatlhisènxha’ áxha teiqhasqánamen wtsùyot Puîyus wtsàtim kae
Green Puîyus’ great stone’s red jewel
Teiqhatsatlhisènxha’ áxha teiqhasqánamen Puiyùsejikh wtsùyot wtsàtim kae
Great, green Puîyus’ stone’s red jewel
Teiqhatsatlhisènxha’ áxha’ axhúxha teiqhasqánamen wtsùyot Puîyus wtsàtim kae
Green Puîyus’ great stone’s red, pueyrple jewel
Teiqhatsatlhisènxha’ áxha’ axhúxha teiqhasqánamen Puiyùsejikh wtsùyot wtsàtim kae
Great, green Puîyus’ stone’s red, pueyrple jewel
Teiqhatsatlhisènxha’ áxhàyutakh teiqhasqánamen wtsùyot Puîyus wtsàtim kae
Towards green Puîyus’ stone’s red jewels
Teiqhatsatlhisènxha’ áxhàyutakh teiqhasqánamen Puiyùsejikh wtsùyot wtsàtim kae
Towards great, green Puîyus’ stone’s red jewels
Teiqhatsatlhisènxha’ áxha’ axhúxhàyutakh teiqhasqánamen wtsùyot Puîyus wtsàtim kae
Towards green Puîyus’ great stone’s red, pueyrple jewels
Teiqhatsatlhisènxha’ áxha’ axhúxhàyutakh teiqhasqánamen Puiyùsejikh wtsùyot wtsàtim kae
Towards great, green Puîyus’ stone’s red, pueyrple jewels
Teiqhakhnujóloi teiqhatsatlhisènxha teiqhasqánament Puîyus
Teiqhakhnujóloi teiqhatsatlhisènxha teiqhasqánament Puiyùsejikh
Puîyus’ rock’s jewels’ gems
Teiqhakhnujóloi’ fhrokaott teiqhatsatlhisènxha’ áxha teiqhasqánamen wtsàtim Puîyus
Teiqhakhnujóloi’ fhrokaott teiqhatsatlhisènxha’ áxha teiqhasqánamen wtsàtim Puiyùsejikh
Puîyus’ green scurrying rocks’ red jewels’ old gems.
Okay, that makes sense, my Sister, but the equations are still a little opaque unto me.
Fhermáta, Triîm, I think we have thoroughly described the Possessive Construction. So we’ve gone through Pronominal Supplementation and the Possession Construction. Hurray! We’ll be fluent in Babel in no time.
I we already the fluent the best super.
Sure.
What’s the next topic, Princess?
Let’s get back to the Accusitive of Respect.
Should I draw a box?
Let’s do it!
The Accusitive of Respect
That the be a little the box the.
I like it, Aîya. Now, I introduced the accusitive of respect before when we discussed the level seven prefix pejor+. The accusitive of respect, also called the synecdochical accusitive is used to specifiy the part that is affected or the character or quality of that which is affected. One either uses the locative form of pejor+ or –atser to express it.
Oh oh oh oh! Empress of Tomorrow! Let me and Aîya and me give examples. We the studying of Gibberish flowing out of the void and have collected lots of examples.
Then do please share with me.
Ahem: Tupkh’òs tà omajeî, which is, Thou art blind innur your eyen. Talòs tò eîn’os that is Beautiful in form And Niapkh’érei teent pkh’úsin that is He diffren in nature and Epístastkhé xú mónon tà maq’ála alyà kaì tà milqrà perómenon axexì Tkh’eón kh’ormástkh’ai which is You know that, not only in great but even in small things, I try to begin with the Immortals and then Kaput nekentur that is Their heads shall be bound and Arn’entis okulos sup’eqti sanq’wine ej eq’ni which means Their glaring eyen blood-shot and blazing with fire. And let not forget Khnun’a q’enu which is Mwith her gnee bare and then P’emur traq’ula iqtus which is Wounded in the thigh with a javein and P’lawa komas which meaneth Fair haired and P’eminai nudai fh’raqya ej lakertos that means Women with their lower and upper arms bare and finally Sufh’tusa q’enas that means Mwith her cheeks bruised
That’s very good, Fhólus. I do not quite understand all of the words you have collected up there, but I shall try to study them. In the meanwhile let’s create some examples in Babel for ourselves.
Pejor akènuyoi thethèqri’ Ixhúja.
Akenuyoîyatser thethèqri’ Ixhúja.
Ixhúja wæs naked with respect to hir gnee.
Ixhúja gnee wæs naked.
Qhànu teiwa pejor tlhaqìxhla Puîyus.
Qhànu teiwathaqixhlàyatser Puîyus.
Puîyus wæs wounded on his arms.
Úwotu pejor fhórm kexhing.
Úwotu fhórmatser kexhing.
Shee wæs beautiful in form.
Khmitheixíngu pejor khnátis tepoxeng.
Khmitheixíngu khnátìsater tepoxeng.
You ond I differ in nature.
And the above examples have used the words fhóm forms and shapes and khnátis nature, and those who are natural as well as theixíngu those who are different, are unequal to someone or something and úwotu those who are pretty, beautiful.
One can also conceptualize the pejor+/-atser form of the locative case as a Cognate Accusitive.
Oh, I want to draw a box.
The Cognate Accusitive
What a lovely box. Now the cognate accusitive, also called the Accusitive of Kindred Signification, is often used with an intransitive or stative particple to show an object of a kindred meaning, although one also may use pejor+/-atser with transitive and ditransitive participles also. To give some examples.
Oooh oooh oooh! Empress!
Yes, Aîya!
I we wanting to write some examples. My examples way better than Fhólus’. He or she stole his or her examples from me or you. Mine the best.
Go ahead and write them down.
Ahem. And mine far better than Fhólus.
Hush you!
You jealous! Ahem. Pásas kh’één’onàs kh’één’estkhai, which is To enjoy all pleasures and Eutúkkh’usan túto tò eutúkkh’éma that is They enjoyed all this goodly forture and Peseîn ptómata for To fall falls and Kh’amártéma kh’amartánein what means To sin a sin, and we have Tutiorem witam wiwere which is To live a safer life and also Terjiam yam aitatem kh’ominum wiwefh’at which means He was now living the third generation of men
Those are some lovely examples. Let’s create some sentences in Babel:
Àkut pejor xhyúlàyaxiis xhajhyastélar?
Àkut xhyúlayatsèraxiis xhajhyastélar?
What dances did Þe many princesses dance?
Ás tyàtlhamat pejor éfhe Jaraqtuyùlkha tú!
Ás tyàtlhamat éfhèyatser Jaraqtuyùlkha tú!
May it be that you live a Jaràqtu life.
Pejor lyaêrs íqyumat púsa.
Lyaêrsatser íqyumat púsa.
I enjoy pleasures.
Sikhelínge qlaêkh pejor xhàtai qlaêkh púsa.
Sikhelínge qlaêkh xhàtai qlaêkhatser púsa.
I sin Þe sin.
And in the examples above I have used the words íqyu, íqyumat those who enjoy someone or something and lyaêrs darling, sweetheart, pleasure and síkh qlaêkh, sikhelínge qlaêkh those who sin and xhútai qlaêkh, xhàtai qlaêkh sins.
That’s not too difficult at all, Princess.
That’s good to hear. The next topic I have in mind for the locative case is extremely easy also. They are equative statements.
Let me write that out larger, my Sister.
Equative Sentences
Now that is quite a lovely box indeed. There are several different types of equative statements that we have. For instance to express As X as Y follows a very simple pattern:
X·ethya xhnir Y
As X as Y
And hence we say:
Wtsatimèthya xhnir ijótlha Puîyus.
Puiyus is as green as Þe hills.
Khnierèthya xhnir Fhóngo’ Éfhlìnye.
Éfhelìnye sings just as Þe Æons do.
Very easy. How does one say As X as possible?
I we having no idea, Empress.
X·ethya xhnir fhoâ
As X as possible
Áxhayèthya xhnir fhoâ qiêl ki.
That hill is as red as possible.
Fhrokatèthya xhnir fhoâ qraû Tátoyòntet Pátifhar.
Táto ond Pátifhar taught as wisely as possible.
And how does one say X by X or in groups of X?
We no know. You the one creating language.
X·atser X·ethya
X by X, in groups of X
Xhthènte jakhtàqta xúyatser xúyèthya.
Þe warriors wended man by man.
Kùxha kexhexhrejor stélàratser stélarèthya Puîyus.
Puîyus kißed Þe women princess by princess.
And finally how does one say being of a certain age?
Xhnir (number) Winter
To be (number) Wintren (years) of age I have written before that participles do not really inflect for time in some sort of past or present or future rainbow. We certainly do have a great many words that have to do with time, and often we put them in the locative case in order to express time, and yet time in the Dreamtime is quite fluid. The standard idiom for age is to make a year by using one of our words for winter.
Xhnir éngekh Tòtra’ Éfhelìnye.
Éfhelìnye is twelve Wintren of age.
Kúpejor xhnir janyàxhyór Qhòlai’ Eilasaiyanoròxhrie Puîyus.
When he wæs twelve Wintren old, Puîyus wended to Eilasaîyanor.
The following words all mean winter and also years of age, and in this usage we only use the time neutral form of the words for winter, that is we use qhìxie, qhìqhixiet rather than qhixiêka winters ago and qhixiêti winters now and from now. The words for winters and years of age are jhaxeîxe and jhetingewetlhajáxe and lyèri and lyíyike and qhìxie, qhìqhixiet and qhòlai and tòtra.
Notice that in this idiom the number precedes that which it modifies. Except for base eleven scientific notation, wherein one would say jí qhòlai five winters insteads of qhòlai jí winter number five. The reason for this reversal is that this is a very specific idiom. Were one to say:
Xhnír tòtra’ éngekh Éfhelìnye.
One would mean
Éfhelìnye is near, in the presence of twelve winters, twelve seasons of winter, twelve instances of winter.
Kúpejor xhnir Qhòlai janyàxhyór Eilasaiyanoròxhrie Puîyus.
When he wæs in Þe presence of twelve seasons of Winter, Puîyus wended to Eilasaîyanor.
Janyàxhór means twice six things by the way.
Before we get unto some of the fun of subordinate clauses with pejor+/-atser let’s go ahead and sail through some simplier forms of the locative case. Sometimes one can tease out some parts of the locative case and call it dative, or dative of disadvantage.
Princess, I’m drawing a box here.
Dative of Disadvantage
The level one suffix –oapa and the composite adposition qir oâpe X xhroe both mean against someone or something, and hence are used as datives of disadvantage.
Xhmàntheqhe qir oâpe qúra xhroe xing Fhólus.
Fhólus sins against the regent king.
Fhólus sins to the disadvantage of the regent king.
Eiya! I no like having myname in that example.
Sometimes the dative of disadvantage can be used with level six indirect object prefixes.
Khneuxhmàntheqhe qlaêkh poaqing oâpe’ Aîya.
Aîya sins against mee.
I no like being used in these the examples also.
In the above sample I used the participle xhmàntha qlaêkh, xhmàntheqhe qlaêkh those who sin.
Now, there are many participles which regularly take the dative, and these I call ditransitive. We shall discuss ditransitive participles later, but for the moment I wish to mention two participles which regularly take the dative, and strangely enough, they are opposites.
You’d better not be using I me in this example. Use Aîya instead.
No! Use Fhólus. He they the trouble maker the!
The participles which regularly take the dative are: Tsìswi, tsìswin those who appear, are seen, are visible and lwànutkh, lwàntukhot those who are unseen, invisible. Technically one may say that tsìswi, tsìswin takes the dative of advantage while lwàntukh, lwàntukhot takes the dative of disadvantage.
Don’t use us for examples!
Tsìswim Puiyeyàswaor stélar.
Þe Princess appeared toto Puey.
The princess was seen by Puey.
The princess was visible to Puey.
Xietsìswi khnónexhli!
Be seen by no one!
Lwàntukhot úxhlixuxhwi Pápo Pátifhar.
Grandfather Pátifhar wæs not seen by all.
Grandfather Pátifhar was invisble to all.
And before we get to some simple subordination
Groan!
Let’s just sketch out the usage of –etwekh
I’m drawing the box for you, Sister!
The Use of –etwekh
Yes, brilliant. The locative suffix –etwekh can be used to form comparison.
Wtsatimènxhur púyetwekh tú.
You are redder than I eam.
Also the suffix –etwekh can be used as a weak forcus.
Puiyeyètwekh Jaraqtùyutakh xhthènteqhe kú.
At least for Puey, he goeth to Jaràqtu.
Éfhelinyeyètwekhh khniêr Puiyèyejikh wthá.
At least Éfhelìnye, for her part, kißes Puey.
You’ll notice that the locative ending with –etwekh is fronted to the beginning of the clause, and either a personal pronoun or an impersonal participle is the actual subject agreeing with it.
While we’re on the subject of miscellanous usages of the locative case I do wish to turn back unto pronominal supplementation.
Groan!
Why, oh Fhólus, did you just scribble sijùjuyu across the page?
GROAN!
Pronominal Supplementation and the Locative Case
In addition to the the simple canonial definations for each form of the locative case which I have mentioned above, nine of the forms of this case can be used in place of the subject experiencer in pronominal supplementation, or in the humiliative construction. The forms of the locative case used with pronominal supplementation are xhmir+, -aswaor, +so, and +pae as well as xhlir+, -epakh, +ser and +sae and –exhyeu also. I realize this is review from the section that I wrote about the pronominal prefixes before, but it should also be mentioned in connection with the locative case.
The dative form of the locative case, Xhmir+, -aswaor, +so, and pae are used to denote the subject of a predicate that refer to emotions such as happy, sad, angry or confused. They are also used as the subject of such sensations such as hot, cold, wet, dry and tired. In general these expressions have but a single fhwìpu valence and do not take an object. You remember all this, right?
Groan!
Khukèjhyi xhmir Puîyus.
Bashful Puîyus is sad.
Qhìqthó stélaràswaor.
Humbly Þe princess is tired.
Tlhijhpéyajókhh khyèqhiir so.
Þe dragons are very confus’d ond shy.
Qhaojhiqhínxhoing sqàkhant pae.
Þe meek stones are immersed in water.
The causative construction reverts back to the non-proniminal suppletive forms.
Kèjhyi’ ur Puîyus.
Puîyus causes someone to be sad.
Tsenàqthó’ ú stélarètwur.
Þe princess causes someone to be tired.
And in the examples above I have used the participles kèjhyi those who are sad, glum, szomorú and qthó those who are tired and jhpé those who are confused, mized-up, hugger-mugger and jhiqhínxhoing those who are aquatick, immersed in water, wet, and this last participle is one of those participles with the –qhí-, and without the infix it becomes jhìnxhoing those who submerge someone or something.
The instrumental forms of the locative case, the forms that take xhlir+, -epakh, +ser and +sae are used with expressions or perceptions having to do with seeing, hearing, touching, tasting, smelling, remembering and dreaming, and also it can be used to denote that the action of the predicate happens by accident and not on purpose, a non-volitional clause. Often this is a bivalent construction, although it does not have to be.
Seîsuya theupíya xhlir Puîyus.
Humbly Puîyus remnembren Þe virgin.
Sèxhyeu tsàtlhis jakhtaqtayèpakhing.
Meekly Þe warrior tasteth Þe jewels.
Seîkuxha kexhexhrejor lwàngpeja ser.
Shyly Þe peasant kißed her by accident.
Fhuîjhkhér úxhrejor qúra sae.
Bashfully Þe viceroy kings protected hem by accident.
I should mention that I have used in the examples the participles sùya those who remember someone or something and xhyeû those who taste someone or something.
Personal pronouns completely lack an absolutive case. Objects for personal pronouns are formed with the construct case or the partitive gentive form of the locative case or by a level five prefix such as paje-
Seipajèkuxha lwàngpeja ser.
Þe meek peasant kißed him ør hir by accident.
Fhuipajèjhkhér qúra sae.
Þe bashful viceroy kings protected hem by accident.
You will note the difference between these two examples:
Seîjae stélar Puîye.
Puey humbly sees Þe princess.
Seîjae stélar xhlir Puîye.
Puey humbly seeth Þe princess by accident.
Groan!
Finally the suffix –exhyeu may be used to form truncated expressions or intention or purpose.
Seîtsefheir tsatlhisenxhayùpwar kúyan khmírèxhyeu.
He shyly carried Þe jewel in order to love someone.
Seituinamatája’ óqlayùpwar kúyan khnierèxhyeu theupíyayèjikhing.
He shyly gives Þe flower to a stranger because he intended to kiß Þe maiden.
And now onto something difficult.
GROAN!
The next section will be about disambugating the pejor+ and –atser joint.
GROAN!!!
Fhermáta do you wish to draw a box for me?
Wait Empress of the tomorrow et cet. Is this going to be one of those cases where you say something is simple and then say that there are some ambiguities in it but it all makes sense because it all just works together and we’re not supposed to worry about it?
Ah, a little like that.
Shall I draw the box now, Princess?
Yes, go ahead.
Okay Fhólus and I have been thinking and we’ve come up with an idea. Let’s just get rid of all this, Okay this is how people talk so it must be okay and all this this works and that works but yon just doesn’t make sense and it’s all completely regular because I say it is but this is all irregular because I say it is. We don’t like it. From now on, just give us rules. Say, This is the rule. That is the rule. Yon is the rule. No exceptions. And don’t do all this, some of this fuxxiness is okay. No fuzziness! We want it all simple! And give us rules!
Um, those are not exactly compatible goals, my dears.
Just make rules! Say, You talk the way the Empress talks, and if you don’t you get beaten with three day old bread and no pies you can eat never at all! Rules rules rules rules rules! None of this, Everything is okay because that’s how it is.
Well, Fhólus and Aîya, I’m afraid that this is just the way that Language must behave. Language should be messy, naturalistic, and ambiguous. Yes, we can make Language was clear, as unambiguous as we need to, we can go to the Kàtem Seminary Academies in Khrumaîna and the great oilthigh in Eilasaîyanor and learn all of the technical vocabulary that one needs to know, and yet one can sing and tell puns and speak in tounges and do all such manner of illogical things with it. There should be no attempt to make language regular. Language is a garden, a song, a dream.
Just make it more regular, Empress to be.
Éfha my sweet, I don’t say this very often, but your slaves can be a little insolent. I think we should send them home. Siêthiyal will find suitable chores for them.
Reminding us again on who this Siêthiyal may be?
She being the mean one, right?
Ah, we don’t want to go to your home then.
No mean sibling for us.
Éfhelìnye, I recommend that you send these slaves to someone to be beaten.
Weren’t you the one who rescued them from the blizzard outside?
Yes, I don’t want them to freeze, but I think they still need to show respect. And if they would stop licking me, it would be very appreciated.
Having another question!!!
You don’t have to write all those explanation marks in the Princess’ notebook.
Empress of tomorrow you the very lucky you have Master Puîyos.
Yes, I think that too.
Holy Crown Prince Puîyos he the only one crazy enough to keep rescuing you.
Yeah, he the only one who keep rescuing a Princess who keep getting into trouble. He having a lot of patience with you. Why if he were any other Prince at one time in your myriad troubles he would have just shrugged and chanted, Oh, let her get eaten by a Dragon this time. Serve her right, she learn her lesson.
Yeah, not only he the only one with the capable of saving you, he the only one to keep doing it.
If there no Puîyos you be miserable, not only because you have no sweetheart, but because otherwise it impossible for you to have one.
You very peculiar.
And weird.
Dancing ballet all the time. Not for misunderstanding, we dance all the time too. But also your little drawings and scribbling in books.
And making up words very weird.
Yes, no one else would like a Princess who makes up words.
Weird.
Weird.
Have you two finished writing all o'er this page in the Princess’ book? I think we should turn back to the topic on hand.
If we come up with any otherthing else to
GRAB THE NOTEBOOK THE
[ink splashes]
I, Fhermáta, the Oldest Sister of the Sweqhàngqu, and the future Moon Empress’ Sister by Marriage have gotten possession of the notebook. The Starflower Princess is deep in thought right now as she dreams up grammar. The blizzard is still raging outside, and I fear that we may be having visitors soon. I’m going to draw a fancy box until Éfhelìnye figures out what she wants me to write.
Disambiguating Pejor+ and –atser
Copied by Fhermáta’s Hand
In the Warfleet before the Void
It’s a blizzard day
I think I’ll bake pies tomorrow
The form of the locative case which takes the affixes pejor+ and –atser is the form used for the majority of subordinating constructions in the Babel Language. And yet, one must always keep in mind that pejor+ and –atser are at heart forms of the locative case and also can perform locative syntactic functions.
For instance
Pejor senípási khmeníwa
This locative phrase could mean while the candy pirate is hyper on sugar or in the context of the hyper one who is a pirate.
But
Senípásìyatser khmeníwa
This has to mean, While the candy pirate is hyper on sugar
However, if senípási takes an object, the context is almost certainly clear.
Pejor senípási xhamarnafhinùtya khmeníwa
Senípásìyatser xhamarnafhinùtya khmeníwa
This just has to mean While the candy pirate is hyper on some pink lemonade.
However, just to make it even more complicated consider these:
Senípási pejor khmeníwa
This just has to mean While the candy pirate is hyper on sugar. However the next statement can be ambiguous:
Senípási khmeníwàyatser
For it can mean both while the candy pirate is hyper on sugar or in the context of the hyper one who is a candy pirate .Do you see how we’ve come full circle?
And so we come unto
Senípási xhamarnafhinùtya pejor khmeníwa
Senípási xhamarnafhinùtya khmeníwàyatser
Which can only mean while the candy pirate is hyper on some pink lemonade.
Now for most utterances context just makes it clear whether pejor+/atser is being used as a subordinate clause or as a locative phrase. We usually don’t have to think about it, or when we think about it we just laugh and say, You know what I mean. However, as natal Real People of Babel we have a variety of ways to say exactly what we mean, or at least what we think we mean, for there is no Ur-Sprache no Metalingualese fluttering in our minds, there is only Khlìjha which is part of the alchemy of all the Dreamtime.
Let’s really dive down into the irregularity the subordinating form of the locative case. Traditional grammarians eventually came to the conclusion that pejor+ had a slight irregularity unto it, although for some reason they tended to ignore –atser. And that is very strange. Anyway, let’s consider the following: Xhthènteqhe qiêl wtsatìmutakh Puîyus.Puîyus goeth towards Þe green hill.Eûxi xhrir lwánol wtsùyot Éfhelìnye.Éfhelìnye dances towards Þe great palace. Level seven prefixes and level one suffixes of the locative case take their locative case affix upon the last element of the locative phrase. In other words they are able to form apposition relative clauses by either putting their swètwan suffix at the end of the substantive phrase or their prefix at the head. And so consider this: Xhthènteqhe qiêl wtsatìmatser Puîyus.Puîyus goeth in Þe context of Þe green hill.Wtsatìmatser xhthènteqhe Puîyus.Xhthènteqhe wtsatìmatser Puîyus.Xhthènteqhe Puîyus wtsatìmatser.Being green, since he is green, because he is green, if he is green, Puîyus goeth somewhither.Eûxi pejor lwánol wtsùyot Éfhelìnye.Éfhelìnye dances in Þe context of Þe great palace.Pejor wtsùyot eûxi’ Éfhelìnye.Eûxi pejor wtsùyot Éfhelìnye.Eûxi’ Éfhelìnye pejor wtsùyot.Being great, since she is great, because she is great, if she is great, Éfhelìnye dances. Both pejor+ and –atser are forms of the locative case and thus act in according unto it, but they also perform most of the bulk of subordination. As a result there is the possibility of some ambiguity and one must be careful in translation unto the Language of Beasts. Xhthènteqhe Puîyus pejor eûxi.Xhthènteqhe Puîyus euxìyatserPuîyus goeth somewhither while dancing.Xhthènteqhe Puîyus pejor eûxi ker jijíxhe.Xhthènteqhe Puîyus euxìyatser ker jijíxhe.Puîyus goeth somewhither while dancing ond laughing.Xhthènteqhe Puîyus pejor eûxi jijíxhe.Xhthènteqhe Puîyus euxìyatser jijíxhe.Puîyus goeth somewhither while Þe laughing one dances.Xhthènteqhe Puîyus pejor eûxi ker jijíxhe kus peyàmpumat ptajhoyàxhmikh.Xhthènteqhe Puîyus euxìyatser ker jijíxhe kus peyàmpumat ptajhoyàxhmikh.Puîyus goeth somewhither while laughing ond dancing ond hiding some sand.Xhthènteqhe Puîyus pejor eûxi jijíxhe peyàmpumat ptajhoyàxhmikh.Xhthènteqhe Puîyus euxìyatser jijíxhe peyàmpumat ptajhoyàxhmikh.Puîyus goeth somewhither while Þe one hiding some sand is dancing ond laughing. Hence one can see that both pejor+ and –atser are able to modify the subject of the main clause as well as to start their own new subordinate clauses. One must realize though that either pejor+ and –atser form their own subordinate clauses with new subjects, or they themselves refer back unto the subject of the main clause. Context almost always makes this clear, and the careful speaker or writer must be sure to use relative clauses or the subject marker to be clear.
So, for instance, we can always use relative clauses to ensure that we’re talking about a locative phrase.
Pejor senípási ker khmeníwa
Senípásìyatser ker khmeníwa
In the context of the hyper one who is a candy pirate
However, if we wish emphatically to denote the subject of the subordinate clause we have to make use of a new affix. It will be some time until we get to the level fifteen suffixes, which are clause markers, but you already know a great many of them, the conjunctions -aiqhor, + xhnoe, + aqhus, -epyer, + xhnoike, -ontet, +xhnoipe, fheil as well as the marker for the mediopassive voice –afham whom and our friendly focus affixes -axhwa, +xhmoe, -anwa, -enwe, -inwi, -ojhwo, -ujhwu. So there is no harm in teaching you one more. It is –aqwa and it just means subject. It screams I am the subject of this clause! It is jumping up and down and doing piourettes and waving her arms around and waiting for some brave prince to slay the dragon and sweep her up in his arms and kiss her because she is the subject of this clause. And she will help one in disambugating subordinate clauses.
Does she having to be so operatic?
You two are on notice! Stop writing in the Princess’ notebook! Don’t make me throw you out into the blizzard. Éfha, my little Sister, please continue.
I forgot what I was going to say.
That’s it, I’m having these two beaten.
No, Fhérma. They can’t help themselves. And I remember now. It’s -aqwa. She is the subject. And so just to be crystalline clear, one can always use the friendly ballerina –aqwa to make one’s subordinate clauses as subjectful as possible. Hence one saith:
Pejor senípási khmeníwayàqwa
Senípási khmeníwayatseràqwa
While the sky pirate is hyper
Pejor senípási xhamarnafhinùtya khmeníwayàqwa
Senípási xhamarnafhinùtya khmeníwayatseràqwa
While the sky pirate is hyper on some pink lemonade.
Now you’ll notice that the subject of these subordinate clauses may be in either the experiencer case or in the locative case. How can this be? When the subject is in the locative case isn’t it supposed to be in either the ‘instrumental form’ of the locative case or the ‘dative’ form? Please don’t panick my little Traîkhiim friends. Our vast structure of grammar is not about to collapse upon us.
Oh thank the Stars. For a moment we worried there.
I we sure you have it all planned out.
Ah, well, when I introduced the topic of tyèstang of the subjects of clauses or sentences many letters ago, and I hope you’ve had a chance to read the copies which Karuláta has been kind enough to write out for me, you probably noticed that I claimed that a subject may be in the Experiencer Case, the Ergative Case, the Absolutive Case, the Vocative Case, or in the ‘Instrumental’ or ‘Dative’ or ‘Subordinate’ forms of the locative case. Meet the Subordinate Form of the locative case. From no one when I say Subordinate Form of the locative case, you will know that I mean either the prefix pejor+ or the suffix -atser. These are forms which can create their own subordinate clauses. However, they can only create omnivolitional clauses. They can take objects in either the construct case or the partitive genitive form of the locative case, but never in the aboslutive case. They are not used to show volitionality or lack thereof. They are strictly omnivolitional.
And they are so much fun.
I we surrender. Is it okay we sit in the snow for a time?
Aîya if you want you can eat me now so don’t have to hear the rest of this.
Unfair, you eat me first so I don’t have to hear it.
We bite of each others’ heads at the same time.
It’s a covanent, then.
Quit it you two. We’ve had enough jokes. Let the Princess explain her big grammar thing.
Now I’m going to share with you something both fun and profound.
Why having I feeling this going to be scarry grammar.
Let’s consider a couple of subordinate clauses.
Jùptijo tsenastélàrejikh Puiyèyatser khmewàyuqei
Jùptijo tsenastélàrejikh pejor Puîye khmewàyuqei
Pejor jùptijo tsenastélàrejikh Puîye khmewàyuqei
Jùptijòyatser tsenastélàrejikh Puîye khmewàyuqei
While peiratical Puey kisses the princess on her hand
You’ll note that in the first two examples the subject of the subordinate clause is in the subordinate form of the locative case, but did you notice that in the last two examples the predicate of the subordinate clause is also in the subordinate form of the locative case.
Isn’t this wonderful! We have a builded in exception which makes perfect sense.
From now on, whenever we discover some fun little quirk unto Babel I think we should all do a little We love Irregularities Dance!
I, Fhermáta, the scribe of this section do hereby pay witness to a little It’s so fun that language is ambiguous and poetic dance which my Sister by marriage is just now dancing. Oh, she wants me to write again.
Now, when the subject of a subordinate clause is in the subordinate form of the locative case, it’s chanted to be an instance of the locative case mimicking the workings of the experiencer case, since normally only the experiencer case can be the predicate of a clause. In fact, as far as I know, aside from interjections and simple vocatives, only in subordinate clauses using the subordinate form of the locative case which takes the affixes pejor+/ -atser can any other case become a predicate experiencer.
And here’s the really fun part unto it.
For we shall learn later on that the level five aspect suffixes may only be used in the presumptive mode and only upon the Experiencer Case, the Construct Case, and the Ingeminate Case. Obviously those sample clauses above are in the presumptive mood, since we don’t see a form of ól being used, nor the long endings characteristic of the Deferential Mode or Honorific Mode. So, if one wished to use the eternal aspect suffix –oakhwe, one would have to place it upon the experiencer case, or the vatick aspect suffix -aipoi. And so from the above examples one would have to say.
Juptijoyoâkhwe tsenastélàrejikh Puiyèyatser khmewàyuqei
Juptijoyoâkhwe tsenastélàrejikh pejor Puîye khmewàyuqei
Pejor jùptijo tsenastélàrejikh Puiyeyoâkhwe khmewàyuqei
Jùptijòyatser tsenastélàrejikh Puiyeyoâkhwe khmewàyuqei
While peiratical Puey always kisses the princess on her hand
Juptijoyaîpoi tsenastélàrejikh Puiyèyatser khmewàyuqei
Juptijoyaîpoi tsenastélàrejikh pejor Puîye khmewàyuqei
Pejor jùptijo tsenastélàrejikh Puiyeyaîpoi khmewàyuqei
Jùptijòyatser tsenastélàrejikh Puiyeyaîpoi khmewàyuqei
While peiratical Puey is fated to kisse the princess on her hand
Did you notice how in the examples above the aspect marker danced from side to side? First it appeared upon the experiencer predicate when the subject is in the subordinate form of the locative case, and then it turns unto the experiencer subject when the predicate is in the subordinate form of the locative case. Isn’t that amazing?
Oh, this is all going to be important to keep in mind later on.
Let’s do another dance for the joy of Language be wild and functional and natural and beautiful! Hurray!
Ah Aîya and I for some reason don’t really feel like dancing.
Fine, I’ll dance by myself.
I, Fhermáta, bare witness that the Starflower Princess is dancing for joy because of grammar. I’m going to rest my hand for a moment. Ah! She calls upon me to write once again.
Since we’ve had such good success with schemata and formulæ so far, let’s create one for the subordinate form of the locative case. In the examples I’ll show them with and without the –aqwa subject affix.
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